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An X-ray chimney extending hundreds of parsecs above and below the Galactic Centre
Open accessAbstract
Evidence has mounted in recent decades that outflows of matter and energy from the central few parsecs of our Galaxy have shaped the observed structure of the Milky Way on a variety of larger scales 1. On scales of 15 parsecs, the Galactic Centre has bipolar lobes that can be seen in both the X-ray and radio parts of the spectrum 2,3, indicating broadly collimated outflows from the centre, directed perpendicular to the Galactic plane. On larger scales, approaching the size of the Galaxy itself, γ-ray observations have revealed the so-called 'Fermi bubble' features 4, implying that our Galactic Centre has had a period of active energy release leading to the production of relativistic particles that now populate huge cavities on both sides of the Galactic plane. The X-ray maps from the ROSAT all-sky survey show that the edges of these cavities close to the Galactic plane are bright in X-rays 4-6. At intermediate scales (about 150 parsecs), radio astronomers have observed the Galactic Centre lobe, an apparent bubble of emission seen only at positive Galactic latitudes 7,8, but again indicative of energy injection from near the Galactic Centre. Here we report prominent X-ray structures on these intermediate scales (hundreds of parsecs) above and below the plane, which appear to connect the Galactic Centre region to the Fermi bubbles. We propose that these structures, which we term the Galactic Centre 'chimneys', constitute exhaust channels through which energy and mass, injected by a quasi-continuous train of episodic events at the Galactic Centre, are transported from the central few parsecs to the base of the Fermi bubbles 4.
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“The x-ray emitting hot gas is found to have a density of 2 cm -3 and a temperature of 0 . 7 -1 keV.”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Ponti et al. 2019
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“The density and the temperature of the hot gas are estimated to be kBT ≈ 0 . 7 -0 . 8 keV (corresponding sound speed, cs ≈ 450 km s -1 ) and ∼ 0 . 2 cm -3 , respectively.”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Ponti et al. 2019
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“Indeed, the thermal pressure, p / kB ∼ 2 × 10 6 K cm -3 , and the total energy, E 450pc ∼ 4 × 10 52 erg, of the hot gas are very similar to the estimates based on the magnetic energy density and the radio recombination lines at the radio loops which further suggest a common origin (Ponti et al. 2019).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Ponti et al. 2019
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In the citing paper
“Therefore, the pressure and the total energy are ∼ 2 × 10 7 K cm -3 and E 15pc ∼ 6 × 10 50 erg, respectively (Muno et al. 2004; Ponti et al. 2019).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Ponti et al. 2019
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“Ponti et al. (2019) detected a bipolar X-ray chimney originating close to the GC ( ∆ l = ± 0 . 4 ◦ ( ± 60) pc) and extending till b ≃ 1 ◦ ( ≈ 150 pc) in the north and till 1 . 5 ◦ ( ≈ 220 pc) in the south of the Galactic plane (see Panel b in figure 7).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Ponti et al. 2019
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Indeed, the thermal pressure, p / kB ∼ 2 × 10 6 K cm -3 , and the total energy, E 450pc ∼ 4 × 10 52 erg, of the hot gas are very similar to the estimates based on the magnetic energy density and the radio recombination lines at the radio loops which further suggest a common origin (Ponti et al. 2019).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Ponti et al. 2019
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Citations
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3D MC. II. X-Ray Echoes Reveal a Clumpy Molecular Cloud in the CMZ
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Mondal, S., Ponti, G., Bao, T., Haberl, F., Campana, S., Hailey, C. J., Mandel, S., Mereghetti, S., Mori, K., Morris, M., et al. (2024) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202449527/pdf · Cited by 2
Self-citationCan the Symmetric Fermi and eROSITA Bubbles Be Produced by Tilted Jets?
Tseng, P.-H., Yang, H., Chen, C.-Y., Schive, H.-Y., & Chiueh, T. (2024) · Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad50c5
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“The neighboring and much larger-scale X-ray Chimney has also been considered to be confined by the vertical magnetic field (G. Ponti et al. 2019; M. Zhang et al. 2021).”
Self-citationX-ray chimneys in the Galactic Centre
Chernyakova, M. (2019) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-019-00811-9 · Cited by 1
The interaction of a large-scale nuclear wind with the high-velocity H ii region G0.17+0.15
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“On a smaller scale, the Galactic center lobe in radio wavelengths (Sofue & Handa 1984; Heywood et al. 2019) and the X-ray chimney (Ponti et al. 2019) may have originated from similar energetic events.”
BackgroundMissing bright red giants in the Galactic center: A fingerprint of its once active state?Preprint
Zajaček, M., Araudo, A., Karas, V., Czerny, B., Eckart, A., Suková, P., Štolc, M., & Witzany, V. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2011.12868 · Cited by 1
“ld have been signicantly more active in the Galactic center a few million years ago. The observed -ray Fermi (Su et al., 2010) and radio bubbles (Heywood et al., 2019) as well as the X-ray chimneys (Ponti et al., 2019) and optical ionization cones (Bland-Hawthorn et al., 2019) could be its ngerprints. We describe the…”
BackgroundNew Cosmology -Third Revolution in PhysicsPreprint
Netchitailo, V. S. (2021) · viXra · doi:10.13140/rg.2.2.11852.85123 · Cited by 1
Sagittarius A⁎ - The Milky Way supermassive black hole
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Self-citationMorris, M. (2020) · Nature Astronomy · doi:10.1038/s41550-020-1176-2 · Cited by 1
Self-citationOn the nature of radio filaments near the Galactic Center
Barkov, M. V., & Lyutikov, M. (2020) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1623/1/012001
Kundt, W. (2020) · Multifrequency Behaviour of High Energy Cosmic Sources Workshop (MULTIF) · doi:10.22323/1.362.0021
“As is well explained in [Ponti et al, 2019] for our Milky Way, and in a certain way even for all galaxies around ours already in [Kundt & Krause, 1985], and again in [Kundt, 2017a], they show that matter inside the galactic disks spirals inward all the way to their centers, and is subsequently…”
ResultKataoka, J. (2020) · Nature Astronomy · doi:10.1038/s41550-020-01269-w
High-energy emission from the Galactic Center
Goldwurm, A., Clavel, M., Stefano Gabici, A., & Terrier, R. (2025) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/9nww-fclb · Cited by 2
Self-citationMorris, M. (2022) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781394163724.ch2
Self-citationDiffuse Hot Plasma in the Interstellar Medium and Galactic Outflows
Sasaki, M., Ponti, G., & Mackey, J. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-4544-0_91-1
Self-citation“Fermi” bubbles are bursting from our galaxy. Their origins remain a mystery
Mann, A. (2023) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2318720120
Diffuse Hot Plasma in the Interstellar Medium and Galactic Outflows
Sasaki, M., Ponti, G., & Mackey, J. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-6960-7_91
Self-citationFermi/eROSITA bubbles as relics of the past activity of the galaxy’s central black hole
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Physics of the Universe in a Model with Minimum Initial Entropy I the Universe Structure
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“Such a mechanism will allow us to understand the radiation process of hot matter and energy at a certain distance from the poles of a black hole, which is observed in astronomical studies [55].”
Zhu, P.-X., Li, M., & Zhang, M. (2025) · Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1088/1674-4527/ae0228
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Roco-Avilez, P. A., Coziol, R., Torres-Papaqui, J. P., Cutiva-Alvarez, K. A., Rotta-Wilches, M. F. L., Aguirre-Gutiérrez, C. D., & Sandoval-Esparza, A. G. (2025) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staf1707
Piscitelli, S., Ponti, G., Civitani, M. M., & Spiga, D. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202555325
Self-citationA Catalog of Filaments in the Central Molecular Zone
Arendt, R. G., Yusef-Zadeh, F., & Heywood, I. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ae1296
“…2022), showing that the filaments run mainly in the direction perpendicular to the Galactic plane and appear to be distributed within a radio bubble and an X-ray chimney (Y. Sofue & T. Handa 1984; M. E. Nord et al. 2004; C. J. Law et al. 2008, 2009; I. Heywood et al. 2019; G. Ponti et al. 2019).”
How Is Cold Gas Loaded into Galactic Nuclear Outflows?
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“1 M ⊙ yr − 1 ; e.g., J. Bland-Hawthorn & M. Co-hen 2003; G. Ponti et al. 2019, 2021; V. S. Veena et al. 2023), the cold gas loading rate may exceed 0.3–0 .”
InfluentialThe role of magnetic fields in shaping γ-ray emission from the Fermi bubbles
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“…distribution would be strongest toward the central cluster, and likely would extend with diminishing strength above and below the galactic plane, in a roughly bipolar structure following the magnetic field geometry (similar to observed X-ray structures; M. Morris et al. 2003; G. Ponti et al. 2019).”
Self-citationModelling the non-equilibrium chemistry of the Milky Way’s cold nuclear wind
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SDSS-V LVM: Verifying what, and where, the “Galactic center lobe” is
Kreckel, K., Egorov, O. V., Drory, N., Blanc, G. A., Méndez-Delgado, J. E., Kabanovic, S., Bizyaev, D., Brownstein, J. R., Egorova, E., Fernández-Trincado, J. G., et al. (2026) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202659505
Bao, T., Ponti, G., Xu, X.-J., Morris, M., Levin, B., Mori, K., Mandel, S., Locatelli, N. T., Muñoz-Darias, T., Casares, J., et al. (2026) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202660001
Self-citationTraversing the Galactic Centre in space and time
Zajaček, M., Czerny, B., Mondek, M., Mitra, S., Labaj, M., Ondro, T., Janík, J., & Dušek, J. (2026) · Nature Astronomy · doi:10.1038/s41550-026-02958-8
“X-ray echoes reflected by molecular clouds reveal that Sgr A* experienced powerful outbursts only a few centuries ago (Ma¨ıca Clavel, Frederic Marin, [7]), while the Fermi and eROSITA bubbles indicate much stronger activity several million years ago (Fulai Guo, [8]).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Ponti, G., Hofmann, F., Churazov, E., Morris, M. R., Haberl, F., Nandra, K., Terrier, R., Clavel, M., & Goldwurm, A.
- Affiliations
- Brera Astronomical Observatory (IT)
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics (DE)
- Space Research Institute (RU)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Laboratoire AstroParticule et Cosmologie (FR)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Ponti, G.
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2019-03-20
- Volume
- 567
- Issue
- 7748
- Pages
- 347-350
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2922944575
- Cited by
- 139
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 11
- FWCI
- 10.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-17-CE31-0014)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Keywords
- Fermi bubbles, X-ray cavities, ROSAT All-Sky Survey, Milky Way structure, relativistic particles
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