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An X-ray chimney extending hundreds of parsecs above and below the Galactic Centre
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Evidence has mounted in recent decades that outflows of matter and energy from the central few parsecs of our Galaxy have shaped the observed structure of the Milky Way on a variety of larger scales 1. On scales of 15 parsecs, the Galactic Centre has bipolar lobes that can be seen in both the X-ray and radio parts of the spectrum 2,3, indicating broadly collimated outflows from the centre, directed perpendicular to the Galactic plane. On larger scales, approaching the size of the Galaxy itself, γ-ray observations have revealed the so-called 'Fermi bubble' features 4, implying that our Galactic Centre has had a period of active energy release leading to the production of relativistic particles that now populate huge cavities on both sides of the Galactic plane. The X-ray maps from the ROSAT all-sky survey show that the edges of these cavities close to the Galactic plane are bright in X-rays 4-6. At intermediate scales (about 150 parsecs), radio astronomers have observed the Galactic Centre lobe, an apparent bubble of emission seen only at positive Galactic latitudes 7,8, but again indicative of energy injection from near the Galactic Centre. Here we report prominent X-ray structures on these intermediate scales (hundreds of parsecs) above and below the plane, which appear to connect the Galactic Centre region to the Fermi bubbles. We propose that these structures, which we term the Galactic Centre 'chimneys', constitute exhaust channels through which energy and mass, injected by a quasi-continuous train of episodic events at the Galactic Centre, are transported from the central few parsecs to the base of the Fermi bubbles 4.
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“The x-ray emitting hot gas is found to have a density of 2 cm -3 and a temperature of 0 . 7 -1 keV.”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Ponti et al. 2019
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The density and the temperature of the hot gas are estimated to be kBT ≈ 0 . 7 -0 . 8 keV (corresponding sound speed, cs ≈ 450 km s -1 ) and ∼ 0 . 2 cm -3 , respectively.”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Ponti et al. 2019
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Indeed, the thermal pressure, p / kB ∼ 2 × 10 6 K cm -3 , and the total energy, E 450pc ∼ 4 × 10 52 erg, of the hot gas are very similar to the estimates based on the magnetic energy density and the radio recombination lines at the radio loops which further suggest a common origin (Ponti et al. 2019).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Ponti et al. 2019
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Therefore, the pressure and the total energy are ∼ 2 × 10 7 K cm -3 and E 15pc ∼ 6 × 10 50 erg, respectively (Muno et al. 2004; Ponti et al. 2019).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Ponti et al. 2019
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“Ponti et al. (2019) detected a bipolar X-ray chimney originating close to the GC ( ∆ l = ± 0 . 4 ◦ ( ± 60) pc) and extending till b ≃ 1 ◦ ( ≈ 150 pc) in the north and till 1 . 5 ◦ ( ≈ 220 pc) in the south of the Galactic plane (see Panel b in figure 7).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Ponti et al. 2019
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Indeed, the thermal pressure, p / kB ∼ 2 × 10 6 K cm -3 , and the total energy, E 450pc ∼ 4 × 10 52 erg, of the hot gas are very similar to the estimates based on the magnetic energy density and the radio recombination lines at the radio loops which further suggest a common origin (Ponti et al. 2019).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Ponti et al. 2019
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Self-citationDetection of large-scale X-ray bubbles in the Milky Way halo
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“…via their synchrotron emission at ∼GHz frequencies (Sofue & Handa 1984; Heywood et al. 2019); the bipolar X-ray ‘chimneys’ revealed by XMM-Newton imaging (Ponti et al. 2019); ionized thermal gas traced by radio recombination line emission (Law et al. 2009; Alves et al. 2015; Nagoshi et al. 2019).”
BackgroundEarly formation and recent starburst activity in the nuclear disk of the Milky Way
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The Athena space X‐ray observatory and the astrophysics of hot plasma†
Barret, D., Decourchelle, A., Fabian, A. C., Guainazzi, M., Nandra, K., Smith, R. K., & den Herder, J.-W. (2020) · Astronomische Nachrichten · doi:10.1002/asna.202023782 · Cited by 94
“Another strong asset of Athena will be the study of the hot interstellar medium at the Galactic centre (Cappi et al., 2013), a complex ecosystem with a supermassive black hole Sgr A*, molecular clouds, supernova remnants, non-thermal filaments, and chimneys as recently shown by Ponti et al. (2019).”
BackgroundSelf-citationSimulations of the Milky Way’s Central Molecular Zone – II. Star formation
Sormani, M. C., Treß, R. G., Glover, S. C. O., Klessen, R. S., Battersby, C., Clark, P. C., Hatchfield, H. P., & Smith, R. J. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1999 · Cited by 105
“In addition, the CMZ region is characterised by the presence of Galactic outflows (Ponti et al. 2019), by the widespread presence of radio-emitting magnetised non-thermal filaments (Heywood et al. 2019), and by a strong hy- © 0000 RAS ar X iv :2 00 4.”
BackgroundPillepich, A., Nelson, D., Truong, N., Weinberger, R., Martin-Navarro, I., Springel, V., Faber, S. M., & Hernquist, L. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab2779 · Cited by 87
Fermi and eROSITA bubbles as relics of the past activity of the Galaxy’s central black hole
Yang, H.-Y. K., Ruszkowski, M., & Zweibel, E. G. (2022) · Nature Astronomy · doi:10.1038/s41550-022-01618-x · Cited by 68
Cold gas in the Milky Way’s nuclear wind
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Abundance and temperature of the outer hot circumgalactic medium
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Self-citationASTRI Mini-Array core science at the Observatorio del Teide
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“Recently, an XMM-Newton Multi-Year Heritage Program (PI: G. Ponti, and see also Ponti et al. 2015, 2019, for further details) has been granted 3.5Ms to survey the Galactic Plane in its central region (|l| < 10° ;|b| < 1.5°).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationThe Galactic center chimneys: the base of the multiphase outflow of the Milky Way
Ponti, G., Morris, M. R., Churazov, E., Heywood, I., & Fender, R. P. (2021) · Astronomy & Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039636 · Cited by 50
Self-citationThe inner two degrees of the Milky Way
Schultheis, M., Rich, R. M., Origlia, L., Ryde, N., Nandakumar, G., Thorsbro, B., & Neumayer, N. (2019) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201935772 · Cited by 49
“Further, high energy phenomena are observed at the present day, including magnetic fields and outflows of hot gas (Ponti et al. 2019).”
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Yusef-Zadeh, F., Arendt, R. G., Wardle, M., Heywood, I., Cotton, W., & Camilo, F. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ac4802 · Cited by 42
“The distinction between the spectral indices of SNRs and filaments disfavors synchronized SNe and implies an outburst from Sgr A* is a more likely explanation of the origin of the radio bubble, the filaments, and the X-ray chimney (Ponti et al. 2019; Heywood, et al. 2019).”
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Hsieh, P.-Y., Koch, P. M., Kim, W.-T., Martín, S., Yen, H.-W., Carpenter, J. M., Harada, N., Turner, J. L., Ho, P. T. P., Tang, Y.-W., et al. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abf4cd · Cited by 40
“In the GC, the external pressure of ambient X-ray amouning to Pext/kB =(1-2)×106 cm−3 K (Ponti et al. 2019) is found and would be able to confine the clouds with densities of 103−4 cm−3, even if they have densities lower than ncrit0.”
BackgroundThe Galactic center chimneys: the base of the multiphase outflow of the Milky Way
Ponti, G., Morris, M., Churazov, E., Heywood, I., & Fender, R. P. (2021) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039636/pdf · Cited by 40
Self-citationThe Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way
Sarkar, K. C. (2024) · The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review · doi:10.1007/s00159-024-00152-1 · Cited by 34
“…the thermal pressure, p / k B ∼ 2 × 10 6 K cm − 3 , and the total energy, E 450pc ∼ 4 × 10 52 erg, of the hot gas are very similar to the estimates based on the magnetic energy density and the radio recombination lines at the radio loops which further suggest a common origin (Ponti et al. 2019).”
BackgroundCosmic-ray-driven outflow from the Galactic Centre and the origin of magnetized radio filaments
Yusef‐Zadeh, F., & Wardle, M. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters · doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slz134 · Cited by 33
“The MeerKAT bubble appears to be filled with hot coronal X-ray gas (Nakashima, et al. 2013; Nakashima, Koyama & Wang 2019; Ponti et al. 2019) indicating that an energetic outflow took place few times 105 − 106 years ago.”
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“There is the possibility to expand the study to a recently completed XMM-Newton Galactic bulge survey with ∼ 500 times the FOV area (Ponti et al. 2019), but ∼ 40 times less average exposure and a more complicated mix of plasma emission as well as much higher contribution from unresolved point…”
BackgroundSelf-citationA KMOS survey of the nuclear disk of the Milky Way
Fritz, T. K., Patrick, L. R., Feldmeier-Krause, A., Schödel, R., Schultheis, M., Gerhard, O., Nandakumar, G., Neumayer, N., Nogueras-Lara, F., & Prieto, M. (2021) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202040026 · Cited by 33
Dark Matter Cosmology and Astrophysics
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“In our opinion, FBs are built continuously throughout the lifetime of Milky Way (13.8 By).”
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“The X-ray/ γ-ray bubbles are energetically consistent with the nuclear AGNlike activity associated with the jet and/or disk-wind outflows with jet power = ´- + -”
BackgroundInfluentialConstraining the population of isolated massive stars within the Central Molecular Zone
Clark, J. S., Patrick, L. R., Najarro, F., Evans, C. J., & Lohr, M. (2021) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039205 · Cited by 24
On the nature of radio filaments near the Galactic Centre
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A novel analytical model of the magnetic field configuration in the Galactic center
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Three-dimensional structure of the central molecular zone
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Self-citationVoyage through the hidden physics of the cosmic web
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“A rough estimate of this value can be made by adopting a cylinder of 150 pc in both diameter and height, as assumed by Ponti et al. (2019), a mean density of 0.1 cm−3 and a mean temperature of 1× 107 K (0.86 keV), which are representative of the X-ray chimneys.”
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“While evidence of 0.7–1 keV diffuse gas has been observed in outflows toward the Galactic center (e.g., Ponti et al. 2019) and in the direction of the North Polar Spur (Das et al. 2019), it is difficult to confine a diffuse source of this temperature to low Galactic latitudes.”
BackgroundInfluentialYusef-Zadeh, F., Arendt, R. G., Wardle, M., & Heywood, I. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/acd54b · Cited by 19
“This extreme pressure drives a large-scale wind away from the Galactic plane creating the bipolar X-ray and radio emission (Heywood, et al. 2019; Ponti et al. 2019; Yusef-Zadeh & Wardle 2019).”
BackgroundTracing the Milky Way’s Vestigial Nuclear Jet
Cecil, G. N., Wagner, A. Y., Bland‐Hawthorn, J., Bicknell, G. V., & Mukherjee, D. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac224f · Cited by 18
“In particular, radio continuum (MeerKAT, Heywood et al. 2019) and X-ray (Ponti et al. 2019) ridges and shells ever more distant from the Galactic plane resemble energetic outflows from some Seyfert galaxies.”
BackgroundAnastasopoulou, K., Ponti, G., Sormani, M. C., Locatelli, N. T., Haberl, F., Morris, M., Churazov, E., Schödel, R., Maitra, C., Campana, S., et al. (2023) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202245001 · Cited by 24
Self-citationConstraining the population of isolated massive stars within the Central Molecular Zone
Clark, J. S., Patrick, L. R., Najarro, F., Evans, C. J., & Lohr, M. E. (2021) · Open Research Online - ORO (The Open University) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039205/pdf · Cited by 19
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Arsioli, B., Chang, Y.-L., & Musiimenta, B. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa368 · Cited by 18
“This structure has well-defined edges in coincidence with X-ray signatures seen by the ROSAT mission in the 1990s (Ponti et al. 2019), and a microwave excess in the same region known as “WMAP haze” (Finkbeiner 2004; Rubtsov & Zhezher 2018).”
BackgroundWang, Q. D. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab801 · Cited by 23
A polarized view of the hot and violent universe
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Self-citationInteraction of the galactic-centre super bubbles with the gaseous disc
Sofue, Y., & Kataoka, J. (2021) · Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab1857 · Cited by 11
Misaligned Jets from Sgr A* and the Origin of Fermi/eROSITA Bubbles
Sarkar, K. C., Mondal, S., Sharma, P., & Piran, T. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acd75d · Cited by 17
“…the excess ionization observed in the direction of the Magellanic streams (Bland-Hawthorn et al. 2019) might be due to a more recent AGN event (∼a few Myr ago) that also produced the subpc stellar structures and the ∼100 pc radio bubbles in Sgr A * (Ponti et al. 2019) but did not produce the FEBs.”
BackgroundWorld-Universe Model—Alternative to Big Bang Model
Netchitailo, V. S. (2020) · Journal of High Energy Physics Gravitation and Cosmology · doi:10.4236/jhepgc.2020.61012 · Cited by 16
“According to WUM, diameter of FBs equals to: 3 4 3 4 DMF3 2 28.6 klyFB aD L Q Q α = × = × = where DMF3L is Compton length of particles DMF3 with mass 2 DMF3 0m mα= .”
BackgroundInfluentialA GeV-TeV particle component and the barrier of cosmic-ray sea in the Central Molecular Zone
Huang, X., Yuan, Q., & Fan, Y.-Z. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-26436-z · Cited by 15
“The large scale bubbles in γ-rays [9], radio [10], and X-rays [11], and the so-called X-ray chimney [12], may be consequences of energetic activities of Sagittarius A in the past.”
BackgroundGalactic Center threads as nuclear magnetohydrodynamic waves
Sofue, Y. (2020) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan · doi:10.1093/pasj/psaa011 · Cited by 14
Ko, C., Breitschwerdt, D., Chernyshov, D. O., Cheng, H., Dai, L., & Dogiel, V. A. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abbda4 · Cited by 15
“In addition, if the X-ray chimney near GC (of energy ∼4×1052 erg, Ponti et al. 2019) and radio bipolar bubbles near the GC (of energy ∼7×1052 erg, Heywood et al. 2019) come from a TDE by the supermassive black hole at the GC, then it is consistent with our estimates concerning the energy release by…”
MethodResultSchultheis, M., Rich, R. M., Origlia, L., Ryde, N., Nandakumar, G., Thorsbro, B., & Neumayer, N. (2019) · HAL · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1906.07985 · Cited by 13
“Further, high energy phenomena are observed at the present day, including magnetic fields and outflows of hot gas (Ponti et al. 2019).”
BackgroundFermi bubbles: the collimated outburst needed to explain forward-shock edges
Mondal, S., Keshet, U., Sarkar, K. C., & Gurwich, I. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac1084 · Cited by 13
Hypersphere World-Universe Model: Basic Ideas
Netchitailo, V. S. (2020) · Journal of High Energy Physics Gravitation and Cosmology · doi:10.4236/jhepgc.2020.64049 · Cited by 12
“There is no energy in matter other than that received from the environment—we calculate mass MFB: 2 3 2 410 0 2 4 3.6 10 kgFBFB D m M Q c Recall that the mass of Milky Way galaxy MMW is: 421.6 - 3.2 10 kgMWM ; FBs radiate X-rays due to the self-annihilation of DMF3 particles with concentration 33DMF Wn R .”
BackgroundInfluentialCold molecular gas outflow encasing the ionized one in the Seyfert galaxy NGC 3281
de Oliveira, B. D., Storchi‐Bergmann, T., Morganti, R., Riffel, R. A., & Ramakrishnan, V. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad1076 · Cited by 11
Spatially resolved x-ray detection with photonic crystal scintillators
Yasar, F., Kilin, M., Dehdashti, S., Yu, Z., Ma, Z., & Wang, . (2021) · Journal of Applied Physics · doi:10.1063/5.0050380 · Cited by 11
Revealing Gas Inflows Toward the Galactic Central Molecular Zone
Su, Y., Zhang, S., Sun, Y., Yang, J., YAN, Q.-Z., Zhang, S., Chen, Z., Chen, X., Zhou, X., & Yuan, L. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ad656d · Cited by 12
“…is the revelation of the existence of the Fermi bubbles (FBs, i.e., Su et al. 2010) that are directly related to the Galactic nuclear winds (e.g., Sofue & Handa 1984; Bland-Hawthorn & Cohen 2003; Dobler et al. 2010; Heywood et al. 2019; Ponti et al. 2019, 2021; Predehl et al. 2020; Sarkar 2024).”
BackgroundCosmic rays cannot explain the high ionisation rates in the Galactic centre
Ravikularaman, S., Recchia, S., Phan, V. H. M., & Stefano Gabici, A. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202451155 · Cited by 10
Dehghanian, M., Arav, N., Byun, D., Walker, G., & Sharma, M. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad3695 · Cited by 9
Discovery of periodicities in two highly variable intermediate polars towards the Galactic centre
Mondal, S., Ponti, G., Haberl, F., Mori, K., Rea, N., Morris, M., Campana, S., & Anastasopoulou, K. (2023) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202245553 · Cited by 9
Self-citationX-raying molecular clouds with a short flare: probing statistics of gas density and velocity fields
Khabibullin, I. I., Churazov, E., Sunyaev, R., Federrath, C., Seifried, D., & Walch, S. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1262 · Cited by 9
Self-citationDasyra, K. M., Paraschos, G. F., Bisbas, T. G., Combes, F., & Fernández-Ontiveros, J. A. (2022) · Nature Astronomy · doi:10.1038/s41550-022-01725-9 · Cited by 9
Li, G.-X., & Zhang, C.-P. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab8c47 · Cited by 9
“The temperature and density can be estimated by modeling the X-ray emission, and the pressure we estimated is broadly consistent with results reported in the literature (e.g., Muno et al. 2004; Ponti et al. 2015, 2019; Nakashima et al. 2019).”
ResultPeriodicity from X-ray sources within the inner Galactic disk
Mondal, S., Ponti, G., Bao, T., Haberl, F., Campana, S., Hailey, C. J., Mandel, S., Mereghetti, S., Mori, K., Morris, M., et al. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202449527 · Cited by 8
Self-citationCO Emission Delineating the Interface between the Milky Way Nuclear Wind Cavity and the Gaseous Disk
Su, Y., Zhang, S.-Y., Yang, J., Yan, Q.-Z., Sun, Y., Wang, H.-C., Zhang, S.-B., Chen, X.-P., Chen, Z., Zhou, X., et al. (2022) · Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac63b3 · Cited by 7
“Highly variable inflow rate from a recent epoch may lead to the episodic accretion onto the CMZ and intermittent activity from Sgr A* (see, e.g., recent observations in Ponti et al. 2019, 2021).”
BackgroundG0.173−0.42: an X-ray and radio magnetized filament near the galactic centre
Yusef-Zadeh, F., Wardle, M., Heinke, C. O., Heywood, I., Arendt, R. G., Royster, M., Cotton, W. D., Camilo, F., & Michail, J. M. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa3257 · Cited by 7
Supernova-remnant origin of the Galactic-Centre filaments
Sofue, Y. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac3137 · Cited by 7
Hypersphere World-Universe Model
Netchitailo, V. S. (2021) · Journal of High Energy Physics Gravitation and Cosmology · doi:10.4236/jhepgc.2021.72042 · Cited by 7
Feeding of active galactic nuclei by dynamical perturbations
Tartėnas, M., & Zubovas, K. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz3484 · Cited by 7
“E-mail: matas.tartenas@ff.stud.vu.lt vealing smaller-scale structures, such as ‘X-ray chimneys’ - channels from the galactic centre (GC) to the Fermi bubbles (Ponti et al. 2019), - and two 430-parsec-tall ‘radio bubbles’ (Heywood et al. 2019).”
BackgroundCold molecular gas in the hot nuclear wind of the Milky Way
Heyer, M. H., Teodoro, E. M. D., Loinard, L., Lockman, F. J., McClure‐Griffiths, N. M., & Wang, Q. D. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202452875 · Cited by 6
Milliarcsecond X-Ray Astrometry to Resolve Inner Regions of AGN at z > 1 Using Gravitational Lensing
Spingola, C., SCHWARTZ, D. A., & Barnacka, A. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac68eb · Cited by 6
“In both cases we reach an astrometric precision that at X-rays is comparable only to local X-ray observations (i.e., tens of milliarcseconds, Kong et al. 2010; Ratti et al. 2010; Auchettl et al. 2015; Ponti et al. 2019; Tomsick et al. 2020, 2021).”
BackgroundImproving black hole accretion treatment in hydrodynamical simulations
Tartėnas, M., & Zubovas, K. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac2330 · Cited by 6
Paré, D. M., Lang, C., & Morris, M. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aca40a · Cited by 6
“…is ample evidence of elevated large-scale highenergy activity in the GC, such as regions of enhanced synchrotron emissivity (Yusef-Zadeh et al. 2004, 2007) and large-scale X-ray structures coincident with outflow structures identified in infrared and radio wavelengths (Ponti et al. 2019, 2021).”
BackgroundSelf-citationNetchitailo, V. S. (2022) · Journal of High Energy Physics Gravitation and Cosmology · doi:10.4236/jhepgc.2022.83048 · Cited by 6
“The prominent X-ray structures on intermediate scales (hundreds of parsecs) above and below the plane (named the Galactic Centre “chimneys” [53]) are the result of the self-annihilation of DMF3 particles; • FBs are bubbles whose boundary with the Intergalactic Medium has a basic surface energy density σ0 = hc a(3) ⁄ .”
BackgroundParé, D. M., Lang, C., & Morris, M. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad74fe · Cited by 5
Self-citationInverse Compton emission from heavy WIMP annihilations in the Galactic Centre
Djuvsland, J. I., Hinton, J. A., & Reville, B. (2022) · Physics of the Dark Universe · doi:10.1016/j.dark.2022.101157 · Cited by 5
Discovery of the Goat Horn complex: a ∼1000 deg2 diffuse X-ray source connected to radio loop XII
Locatelli, N. T., Ponti, G., Merloni, A., Zheng, X., Dennerl, K., Haberl, F., Maitra, C., Sanders, J. S., Sasaki, M., & Zhang, H. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202449356 · Cited by 5
Self-citationEmission from hadronic and leptonic processes in galactic jet-driven bubbles
Owen, E. R., & Yang, H.-Y. K. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac119 · Cited by 10
Not gone with the wind: survival of high-velocity molecular clouds in the galactic centre
Zhang, M., & Li, M. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad3408 · Cited by 4
Hypersphere World-Universe Model: Centre of Our Galaxy
Netchitailo, V. S. (2021) · Journal of High Energy Physics Gravitation and Cosmology · doi:10.4236/jhepgc.2022.81003 · Cited by 4
“The prominent X-ray structures on intermediate scales (hundreds of parsecs) above and below the plane (named the Galactic Centre “chimneys” [63]) are the result of the self-annihilation of DMF3 particles; FBs are bubbles whose boundary with the Intergalactic Medium has a basic surface energy density 0 σ equals to: 3…”
BackgroundMoulin, E., Montanari, A., Malyshev, D., & Malyshev, D. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2108.10028 · Cited by 4
The inside-out quenching of the MHONGOOSE galaxy NGC 1371
Veronese, S., de Blok, W. J. G., Fraternali, F., Maccagni, F. M., Healy, J., Kleiner, D., Oosterloo, T. A., & Morganti, R. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202555735 · Cited by 3
A cosmic-ray loaded nascent outflow driven by a massive star cluster
Lemoine-Goumard, M., Haerer, L., Mohrmann, L., Bernet, R., Hinton, J. A., Peron, G., Reville, B., Tibaldo, L., & Vieu, T. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-65592-4 · Cited by 3
“The accelerated electrons, on the other hand, will inevitably cool via inverse-Compton scattering, with a large fraction of the available power converted to gamma rays.”
X-Rays from a Central “Exhaust Vent” of the Galactic Center Chimney
Mackey, S., Morris, M., Ponti, G., Anastasopoulou, K., & Mondal, S. (2023) · Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ad3248 · Cited by 2
“In keeping with the notion that the chimneys represent collimated plasma outflows from the Galactic center (Ponti et al. 2019), we regard this tunnel as the channel, or vent, along which the outflowing plasma is moving.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationThe Starburst Acceleration of High-velocity Clouds in the Galactic Center
Zhang, M.-F., Li, M., & Zhu, P.-X. (2025) · Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adb619
“…Sofue & Handa 1984), the microwave haze (Finkbeiner 2004; Planck Collaboration et al. 2013), the polarized lobes (Carretti et al. 2013), the Fermi bubbles (Su et al. 2010), the radio bubbles (Heywood et al. 2019), the X-ray chimneys (Ponti et al. 2019) and the eROSITA bubbles (Predehl et al. 2020).”
Disentangling the Galactic centre X-ray reflection signal using XMM-Newton data
Anastasopoulou, K., Khabibullin, I. I., Churazov, E., Ponti, G., Sormani, M. C., Sunyaev, R., Maitra, C., & Piscitelli, S. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202554389 · Cited by 3
Self-citationUnveiling the Origin of the Fermi/eRosita Bubbles
Yang, H.-Y. K., Ruszkowski, M., & Zweibel, E. G. (2023) · European Cosmic Ray Symposium (ECRS) · doi:10.22323/1.423.0023 · Cited by 3
Low-frequency Absorption and Radio Recombination Line Features of the Galactic Center Lobe
Hurley-Walker, N., Anderson, L. D., Luisi, M., McClure-Griffiths, N., Benjamin, R. A., Kuhn, M., Linville, D. J., Liu, B., & Zucker, C. (2024) · Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad4d92 · Cited by 2
“There is also X-ray emission seen toward the northern and southern features that further supports the explosion hypothesis (Nakashima et al. 2013; Ponti et al. 2019).”
BackgroundThe Galactic Center Lobe as an H ii Region
Anderson, L. D., Luisi, M., Liu, B., Linville, D. J., Benjamin, R. A., Hurley-Walker, N., McClure‐Griffiths, N. M., & Zucker, C. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad4d93 · Cited by 3
“There is also X-ray emission seen toward the northern and southern features that further supports the explosion hypothesis (Nakashima et al. 2013; Ponti et al. 2019).”
BackgroundSOFIA/FORCAST Galactic Center Source Catalog
Cotera, A. S., Hankins, M., Bally, J., Barnes, A. T., Battersby, C., Hatchfield, H. P., Herter, T., Lau, R. M., Longmore, S. N., Mills, E. A. C., et al. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad55f2 · Cited by 3
“Past activity of Sgr A ∗ may be responsible for large-scale features such as the x-ray ‘chimneys’ discovered by the XMM-Newton satellite (Ponti et al. 2019, 2021).”
BackgroundSelf-citationHarris, A. I., Güsten, R., Requena─Torres, M. A., Riquelme, D., Morris, M., Stacey, G. J., STUTZKI, J., Okada, Y., Chambers, E. T., Mertens, M., et al. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adcb48 · Cited by 2
“Large-scale X-ray images show lobes characteristic of a high-speed wind emerging from the Galactic center (e.g., G. Ponti et al. 2019; P. Predehl et al. 2020; Q. D. Wang 2021; M. C. H. Yeung et al. 2024), further evidence for wind-swept low densities.”
Self-citationThe Discovery of an Active Wind from the Milky Way’s Central Black Hole
Gorski, M., & Murchikova, E. M. (2026) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ae63cf · Cited by 3
“…hole was first discovered ( D. Lynden-Bell & M. J. Rees 1971 ) , and on large scales ( 100 − 10,000 pc ) , there is abundant evidence of its past activity, usually perpendicular to the Galactic plane ( M. R. Morris et al. 2010; M. Su et al. 2010; G. Ponti et al. 2019; P. Predehl et al. 2020 ) .”
Mixing between AGN winds and ISM clouds produces luminous X-ray emission
Ward, S. R., Costa, T., Harrison, C. M., & Mainieri, V. (2025) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staf2065 · Cited by 2
Modeling the Milky Way wind: Supernova-driven outflows accelerate HI clouds near the Galactic center
Afruni, A., Teodoro, E. M. D., Armillotta, L., Lynn, C., & McClure‐Griffiths, N. M. (2026) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202556813 · Cited by 2
Low-mass stars dominate the hot (0.7 keV) Galactic X-ray emission
Ponti, G., Yeung, M. C. H., Stel, G., Locatelli, N. T., Zheng, X., Stelzer, B., Merloni, A., Caramazza, M., Magaudda, E., Sasaki, M., et al. (2026) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202556925 · Cited by 2
Self-citationEvidence for powerful winds and the associated reverse shock as the origin of the Fermi bubbles
Fujita, Y. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac3312 · Cited by 2
Galactic Superbubbles in 3D: Wind Formation and Cloud Shielding
Suárez-López, O., Villares, A. S., & Banda-Barragán, W. E. (2024) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2796/1/012004 · Cited by 2
“In addition, this material, that is pushed out by the winds, reaches great heights ( ∼ 400 pc) in agreement with observations in [15].”
BackgroundMethodResultXMM-Newton and NuSTAR discovery of a likely IP candidate XMMU J173029.8–330920 in the Galactic disc
Mondal, S., Ponti, G., Filor, L. W., Bao, T., Haberl, F., Salcedo, C., Campana, S., Hailey, C. J., Mori, K., & Rea, N. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202449228 · Cited by 2
Self-citationSources and Radiations of the Fermi Bubbles
Dogiel, V., & Ko, C.-M. (2024) · Universe · doi:10.3390/universe10110424 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Ponti, G., Hofmann, F., Churazov, E., Morris, M. R., Haberl, F., Nandra, K., Terrier, R., Clavel, M., & Goldwurm, A.
- Affiliations
- Brera Astronomical Observatory (IT)
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics (DE)
- Space Research Institute (RU)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Laboratoire AstroParticule et Cosmologie (FR)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Ponti, G.
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2019-03-20
- Volume
- 567
- Issue
- 7748
- Pages
- 347-350
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2922944575
- Cited by
- 139
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 11
- FWCI
- 10.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-17-CE31-0014)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Keywords
- Fermi bubbles, X-ray cavities, ROSAT All-Sky Survey, Milky Way structure, relativistic particles
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