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An X-ray chimney extending hundreds of parsecs above and below the Galactic Centre
Open accessAbstract
Evidence has mounted in recent decades that outflows of matter and energy from the central few parsecs of our Galaxy have shaped the observed structure of the Milky Way on a variety of larger scales 1. On scales of 15 parsecs, the Galactic Centre has bipolar lobes that can be seen in both the X-ray and radio parts of the spectrum 2,3, indicating broadly collimated outflows from the centre, directed perpendicular to the Galactic plane. On larger scales, approaching the size of the Galaxy itself, γ-ray observations have revealed the so-called 'Fermi bubble' features 4, implying that our Galactic Centre has had a period of active energy release leading to the production of relativistic particles that now populate huge cavities on both sides of the Galactic plane. The X-ray maps from the ROSAT all-sky survey show that the edges of these cavities close to the Galactic plane are bright in X-rays 4-6. At intermediate scales (about 150 parsecs), radio astronomers have observed the Galactic Centre lobe, an apparent bubble of emission seen only at positive Galactic latitudes 7,8, but again indicative of energy injection from near the Galactic Centre. Here we report prominent X-ray structures on these intermediate scales (hundreds of parsecs) above and below the plane, which appear to connect the Galactic Centre region to the Fermi bubbles. We propose that these structures, which we term the Galactic Centre 'chimneys', constitute exhaust channels through which energy and mass, injected by a quasi-continuous train of episodic events at the Galactic Centre, are transported from the central few parsecs to the base of the Fermi bubbles 4.
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“The x-ray emitting hot gas is found to have a density of 2 cm -3 and a temperature of 0 . 7 -1 keV.”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Ponti et al. 2019
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“The density and the temperature of the hot gas are estimated to be kBT ≈ 0 . 7 -0 . 8 keV (corresponding sound speed, cs ≈ 450 km s -1 ) and ∼ 0 . 2 cm -3 , respectively.”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Ponti et al. 2019
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“Indeed, the thermal pressure, p / kB ∼ 2 × 10 6 K cm -3 , and the total energy, E 450pc ∼ 4 × 10 52 erg, of the hot gas are very similar to the estimates based on the magnetic energy density and the radio recombination lines at the radio loops which further suggest a common origin (Ponti et al. 2019).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Ponti et al. 2019
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In the citing paper
“Therefore, the pressure and the total energy are ∼ 2 × 10 7 K cm -3 and E 15pc ∼ 6 × 10 50 erg, respectively (Muno et al. 2004; Ponti et al. 2019).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Ponti et al. 2019
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“Ponti et al. (2019) detected a bipolar X-ray chimney originating close to the GC ( ∆ l = ± 0 . 4 ◦ ( ± 60) pc) and extending till b ≃ 1 ◦ ( ≈ 150 pc) in the north and till 1 . 5 ◦ ( ≈ 220 pc) in the south of the Galactic plane (see Panel b in figure 7).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Ponti et al. 2019
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Indeed, the thermal pressure, p / kB ∼ 2 × 10 6 K cm -3 , and the total energy, E 450pc ∼ 4 × 10 52 erg, of the hot gas are very similar to the estimates based on the magnetic energy density and the radio recombination lines at the radio loops which further suggest a common origin (Ponti et al. 2019).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Ponti et al. 2019
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Citations
Cites
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Cool outflows in galaxies and their implications
Veilleux, S., Maiolino, R., Bolatto, A. D., & Aalto, S. (2020) · The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review · doi:10.1007/s00159-019-0121-9 · Cited by 516
Detection of large-scale X-ray bubbles in the Milky Way halo
Predehl, P., Sunyaev, R. A., Becker, W., Brunner, H., Burenin, R., Bykov, A., Cherepashchuk, A., Chugai, N., Churazov, E., Doroshenko, V., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2979-0 · Cited by 234
Self-citationDetection of large-scale X-ray bubbles in the Milky Way halo
Predehl, P., Sunyaev, R., Becker, W., Brunner, H., Burenin, R., Bykov, A. M., Cherepashchuk, A. M., Чугай, Н. Н., Churazov, E., Doroshenko, V., et al. (2020) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 188
Self-citationInflation of 430-parsec bipolar radio bubbles in the Galactic Centre by an energetic event
Heywood, I., Camilo, F., Cotton, W. D., Yusef-Zadeh, F., Abbott, T. D., Adam, R. M., Aldera, M. A., Bauermeister, E. F., Booth, R. S., Botha, A. G., et al. (2019) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1532-5 · Cited by 146
The 1.28 GHz MeerKAT Galactic Center Mosaic
Heywood, I., Rammala, I., Camilo, F., Cotton, W. D., Yusef-Zadeh, F., Abbott, T. D., Adam, R. M., Adams, G., Aldera, M. A., Asad, K. M. B., et al. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac449a · Cited by 136
“…via their synchrotron emission at ∼GHz frequencies (Sofue & Handa 1984; Heywood et al. 2019); the bipolar X-ray ‘chimneys’ revealed by XMM-Newton imaging (Ponti et al. 2019); ionized thermal gas traced by radio recombination line emission (Law et al. 2009; Alves et al. 2015; Nagoshi et al. 2019).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Ponti, G., Hofmann, F., Churazov, E., Morris, M. R., Haberl, F., Nandra, K., Terrier, R., Clavel, M., & Goldwurm, A.
- Affiliations
- Brera Astronomical Observatory (IT)
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics (DE)
- Space Research Institute (RU)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Laboratoire AstroParticule et Cosmologie (FR)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Ponti, G.
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2019-03-20
- Volume
- 567
- Issue
- 7748
- Pages
- 347-350
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2922944575
- Cited by
- 139
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 11
- FWCI
- 10.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-17-CE31-0014)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Keywords
- Fermi bubbles, X-ray cavities, ROSAT All-Sky Survey, Milky Way structure, relativistic particles
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