The DOI matches its Crossref record; 42 of the 42 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Operation of a silicon quantum processor unit cell above one kelvin
Open accessAbstract
Quantum computers are expected to outperform conventional computers in several important applications, from molecular simulation to search algorithms, once they can be scaled up to large numbers—typically millions—of quantum bits (qubits)1–3. For most solid-state qubit technologies—for example, those using superconducting circuits or semiconductor spins—scaling poses a considerable challenge because every additional qubit increases the heat generated, whereas the cooling power of dilution refrigerators is severely limited at their operating temperature (less than 100 millikelvin)4–6. Here we demonstrate the operation of a scalable silicon quantum processor unit cell comprising two qubits confined to quantum dots at about 1.5 kelvin. We achieve this by isolating the quantum dots from the electron reservoir, and then initializing and reading the qubits solely via tunnelling of electrons between the two quantum dots7–9. We coherently control the qubits using electrically driven spin resonance10,11 in isotopically enriched silicon1228Si, attaining single-qubit gate fidelities of 98.6 per cent and a coherence time of 2 microseconds during ‘hot’ operation, comparable to those of spin qubits in natural silicon at millikelvin temperatures13–16. Furthermore, we show that the unit cell can be operated at magnetic fields as low as 0.1 tesla, corresponding to a qubit control frequency of 3.5 gigahertz, where the qubit energy is well below the thermal energy. The unit cell constitutes the core building block of a full-scale silicon quantum computer and satisfies layout constraints required by error-correction architectures8,17. Our work indicates that a spin-based quantum computer could be operated at increased temperatures in a simple pumped 4He system (which provides cooling power orders of magnitude higher than that of dilution refrigerators), thus potentially enabling the integration of classical control electronics with the qubit array18,19. A scalable silicon quantum processor unit cell made of two qubits confined to quantum dots operates at about 1.5 K, achieving 98.6% single-qubit gate fidelities and a 2 μs coherence time.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Simulating physics with computers
Feynman, R. P. (1982) · International Journal of Theoretical Physics · doi:10.1007/bf02650179 · Cited by 7,691
Quantum computation with quantum dots
Loss, D., & DiVincenzo, D. P. (1998) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.57.120 · Cited by 6,840
Surface codes: Towards practical large-scale quantum computation
Fowler, A. G., Mariantoni, M., Martinis, J. M., & Cleland, A. N. (2012) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.86.032324 · Cited by 3,059
Single-shot read-out of an individual electron spin in a quantum dot
Elzerman, J. M., Hanson, R., Willems van Beveren, L. H., Witkamp, B., Vandersypen, L. M. K., & Kouwenhoven, L. P. (2004) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature02693 · Cited by 1,679
An addressable quantum dot qubit with fault-tolerant control-fidelity
Veldhorst, M., Hwang, J. C. C., Yang, C. H., Leenstra, A. W., de Ronde, B., Dehollain, J. P., Muhonen, J. T., Hudson, F. E., Itoh, K. M., Morello, A., et al. (2014) · Nature Nanotechnology · doi:10.1038/nnano.2014.216 · Cited by 940
Self-citationA two-qubit logic gate in silicon
Veldhorst, M., Yang, C. H., Hwang, J. C. C., Huang, W., Dehollain, J. P., Muhonen, J. T., Simmons, S., Laucht, A., Hudson, F. E., Itoh, K. M., et al. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature15263 · Cited by 919
Self-citationA quantum-dot spin qubit with coherence limited by charge noise and fidelity higher than 99.9%
Yoneda, J., Takeda, K., Otsuka, T., Nakajima, T., Delbecq, M. R., Allison, G., Honda, T., Kodera, T., Oda, S., Hoshi, Y., et al. (2018) · Nature Nanotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41565-017-0014-x · Cited by 900
Self-citationCurrent Rectification by Pauli Exclusion in a Weakly Coupled Double Quantum Dot System
Ono, K., Austing, D. G., Tokura, Y., & Tarucha, S. (2002) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1070958 · Cited by 801
A programmable two-qubit quantum processor in silicon
Watson, T. F., Philips, S. G. J., Kawakami, E., Ward, D. R., Scarlino, P., Veldhorst, M., Savage, D. E., Lagally, M. G., Friesen, M., Coppersmith, S. N., et al. (2018) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature25766 · Cited by 741
Electron spin coherence exceeding seconds in high-purity silicon
Tyryshkin, A. M., Tojo, S., Morton, J. J. L., Riemann, H., Abrosimov, N. V., Becker, P., Pohl, H.-J., Schenkel, T., Thewalt, M. L. W., Itoh, K. M., et al. (2012) · Nature Materials · doi:10.1038/nmat3182 · Cited by 713
Self-citation
Cited by
Fast universal quantum gate above the fault-tolerance threshold in silicon
Noiri, A., Takeda, K., Nakajima, T., Kobayashi, T., Sammak, A., Scappucci, G., & Tarucha, S. (2022) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04182-y · Cited by 471
Compact Ion-Trap Quantum Computing Demonstrator
Pogorelov, I., Feldker, T., Marciniak, C. D., Postler, L., Jacob, G., Krieglsteiner, O., Podlesnic, V., Meth, M., Negnevitsky, V., Stadler, M., et al. (2021) · PRX Quantum · doi:10.1103/prxquantum.2.020343 · Cited by 387
Semiconductor qubits in practice
Chatterjee, A., Stevenson, P., De Franceschi, S., Morello, A., de Leon, N. P., & Kuemmeth, F. (2021) · Nature Reviews Physics · doi:10.1038/s42254-021-00283-9 · Cited by 359
Self-citationQubits made by advanced semiconductor manufacturing
Zwerver, A. M. J., Krähenmann, T., Watson, T. F., Lampert, L., George, H. C., Pillarisetty, R., Bojarski, S. A., Amin, P., Amitonov, S. V., Boter, J. M., et al. (2022) · Nature Electronics · doi:10.1038/s41928-022-00727-9 · Cited by 364
Resource Estimation for Quantum Variational Simulations of the Hubbard Model
Cai, Z. (2020) · Physical Review Applied · doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.14.014059 · Cited by 78
Metadata
- Authors
- Yang, C. H., Leon, R. C. C., Hwang, J. C. C., Saraiva, A., Tanttu, T., Huang, W., Camirand Lemyre, J., Chan, K. W., Tan, K. Y., Hudson, F. E., Itoh, K. M., Morello, A., Pioro-Ladrière, M., Laucht, A., & Dzurak, A. S.
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2020-04-15
- Volume
- 580
- Issue
- 7803
- Pages
- 350-354
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W3017278562
- Cited by
- 369
- References
- 42
- FWCI
- 24.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Operation of a silicon quantum processor unit cell above one kelvin. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1038/s41586-020-2171-6
- The paper
- Yang, C. H., Leon, R. C. C., Hwang, J. C. C., Saraiva, A., Tanttu, T., Huang, W., Camirand Lemyre, J., Chan, K. W., Tan, K. Y., Hudson, F. E., Itoh, K. M., Morello, A., Pioro-Ladrière, M., Laucht, A., & Dzurak, A. S. (2020). Operation of a silicon quantum processor unit cell above one kelvin. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2171-6
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
