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Observation of Laughlin states made of light
Open accessAbstract
Much of the richness in nature emerges because simple constituents form an endless variety of ordered states1. Whereas many such states are fully characterized by symmetries2, interacting quantum systems can exhibit topological order and are instead characterized by intricate patterns of entanglement3,4. A paradigmatic example of topological order is the Laughlin state5, which minimizes the interaction energy of charged particles in a magnetic field and underlies the fractional quantum Hall effect6. Efforts have been made to enhance our understanding of topological order by forming Laughlin states in synthetic systems of ultracold atoms7,8 or photons9–11. Nonetheless, electron gases remain the only systems in which such topological states have been definitively observed6,12–14. Here we create Laughlin-ordered photon pairs using a gas of strongly interacting, lowest-Landau-level polaritons as a photon collider. Initially uncorrelated photons enter a cavity and hybridize with atomic Rydberg excitations to form polaritons15–17, quasiparticles that here behave like electrons in the lowest Landau level owing to a synthetic magnetic field created by Floquet engineering18 a twisted cavity11,19 and by Rydberg-mediated interactions between them16,17,20,21. Polariton pairs collide and self-organize to avoid each other while conserving angular momentum. Our finite-lifetime polaritons only weakly prefer such organization. Therefore, we harness the unique tunability of Floquet polaritons to distil high-fidelity Laughlin states of photons outside the cavity. Particle-resolved measurements show that these photons avoid each other and exhibit angular momentum correlations, the hallmarks of Laughlin physics. This work provides broad prospects for the study of topological quantum light22. Pairs of photons in the Laughlin state are created by mimicking a fractional quantum Hall system using the synthetic magnetic field induced by a twisted optical cavity and Rydberg-mediated polariton interactions.
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“Combining these elements, a two-photon Laughlin state is selectively created using a coherent laser pump with finite angular momentum and its microscopic structure is probed by looking at the correlation functions of the emitted light at different spatial positions and in different orbital angular momentum channels.”
From How to exploit driving and dissipation to stabilize and manipulate quantum many-body states (2025) · cites this paper as [152]
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“A closely related idea has been experimentally explored in a recent experiment [152]: strong interactions between photons are obtained by coupling light to optically dressed atoms in a Rydberg-EIT configuration [31,153]; a synthetic magnetic field in a cylindrically symmetric geometry is obtained by using a twisted optical ring-cavity [154].”
From How to exploit driving and dissipation to stabilize and manipulate quantum many-body states (2025) · cites this paper as [152]
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Citations
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Simon, S. H. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198886723.003.0036
(2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198886723.002.0007
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Temperly–Lieb Algebra and Jones–Kauffman Anyons
Simon, S. H. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198886723.003.0022
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Simon, S. H. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198886723.003.0004
Simon, S. H. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198886723.003.0005
Simon, S. H. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198886723.003.0021
Simon, S. H. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198886723.003.0038
Change of Basis and F-Matrices1
Simon, S. H. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198886723.003.0009
(2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198886723.002.0003
Simon, S. H. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198886723.003.0018
Simon, S. H. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198886723.003.0025
Exchanging Identical Particles
Simon, S. H. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198886723.003.0010
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Simon, S. H. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198886723.003.0006
Appendix: Some Mathematical Basics
Simon, S. H. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198886723.003.0040
(2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198886723.002.0004
Simon, S. H. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198886723.003.0023
Simon, S. H. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198886723.003.0037
Simon, S. H. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198886723.003.0015
Simon, S. H. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198886723.003.0013
Appendix: Kac and Other Resources for TQFTs
Simon, S. H. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198886723.003.0039
Fusion and Structure of Hilbert Space
Simon, S. H. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198886723.003.0008
Introduction: History of Topology, Knots, Peter Tait, and Lord Kelvin
Simon, S. H. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198886723.003.0001
Defining Topological Quantum Field Theory
Simon, S. H. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198886723.003.0007
The Toric Code as a Phase of Matter and a TQFT
Simon, S. H. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198886723.003.0028
Simon, S. H. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198886723.003.0032
Simon, S. H. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198886723.003.0014
Simon, S. H. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198886723.003.0011
Simon, S. H. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198886723.003.0012
Bosons and Fermions from Group Representations: Rep(G)
Simon, S. H. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198886723.003.0020
Simon, S. H. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198886723.003.0003
Simon, S. H. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198886723.003.0017
Simon, S. H. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198886723.003.0027
Formal Construction of TQFTs from Diagrams: Surgery and More Complicated 3-Manifolds1
Simon, S. H. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198886723.003.0024
Simon, S. H. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198886723.003.0034
Simon, S. H. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198886723.003.0033
Simon, S. H. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198886723.003.0031
Introducing Quantum Error Correction
Simon, S. H. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198886723.003.0026 · Cited by 1
Nice Theories with Planar or Three-Dimensional Isotopy
Simon, S. H. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198886723.003.0016
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Li, B., Palm, L., Jürgensen, M., Feng, Y., Greiner, M., & Simon, J. (2025) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.563793
“…video-rate nanoscopy [31–33]; detection of individual photons in photonic quantum matter would enable extraction of high-order correlation function [34]; in quantum computing & simulation, fast imaging will enable mid-circuit measurements for error correction [35] and unraveling of random quantum…”
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Li, J., Li, Q., & Hu, Z.-X. (2025) · Communications in Theoretical Physics · doi:10.1088/1572-9494/aded75
“…have demonstrated that Landau levels of photons can be produced on a cone within a synthetic magnetic fi eld created by continuous photons [ 25 – 30 ] , thus establishing the QH system in a new curved space and opening avenues for studying the effects of varying spatial geometry and topology […”
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Hui, R., Shit, T., Liberto, M. F. D., Sen, D., & Mukherjee, S. (2026) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/grwm-1kj3 · Cited by 1
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Nonlinear quantum optics with a single Rydberg superatom coupled to a medium-finesse cavity
Vaneecloo, J. (2022) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/c24954e2z1ec5z468dza496zfd8979a93d27
Non-linear physics associated to chiral symmetry in driven dissipative polariton lattices
Pernet, N. (2022) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/7f710a14z7fbbz4e17zb1b0zcf2e0517de77
Fractional quantum Hall wedding cakes
Bastelaere, C. V., Palm, F. A., Wang, B., et al. (2026) · Physical review. B./Physical review. B · doi:10.1103/jrl5-dl9g
Long-range blockade between counter-propagating photons
Das, B. C., Harkavi, A., Prakash, A., Nakav, A., Drori, L., & Firstenberg, O. (2026) · Optica · doi:10.1364/optica.586318 · Cited by 2
Realization of fermionic Laughlin state on a quantum processor
Shen, L., Lin, M., Lin, C. Y.-Y., Xiao, D., & Cao, T. (2026) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-026-72769-y · Cited by 3
“The scarcity of material platforms hosting intrinsic topological order has fueled great interest in exploring such exotic phases with programmable quantum simulators 18 – 23 .”
Topological States Enabled by Nonlocal Nonlinearity in Synthetic Dimensions
Anonymous, Zhou, Z.-W., Pu, H., & Luo, X.-W. (2026) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/j9hv-7cfg · Cited by 1
“We propose to implement the synthetic lattice using the orbital angular momentum (OAM) of photons within a degenerate cavity [35, 36] with all-to-all interactions induced by coupling photons to a Rydberg atomic ensemble [37–40].”
Metadata
- Authors
- Clark, L. W., Schine, N., Baum, C., Jia, N., & Simon, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Chicago (US)
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2020-06-03
- Volume
- 582
- Issue
- 7810
- Pages
- 41-45
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W3028818982
- Semantic Scholar
- 2984208614cab20d4f98d7fcf31ec5fe740f48d8
- Cited by
- 203
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 72 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 9
- FWCI
- 13.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Strong Light-Matter Interactions
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Orbital Angular Momentum in Optics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Condensed Matter Physics › Topological Materials and Phenomena
- Keywords
- Laughlin state, fractional quantum Hall effect, synthetic magnetic field, Rydberg atoms, polaritons, photon pairs
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