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Observation of Laughlin states made of light
Open accessAbstract
Much of the richness in nature emerges because simple constituents form an endless variety of ordered states1. Whereas many such states are fully characterized by symmetries2, interacting quantum systems can exhibit topological order and are instead characterized by intricate patterns of entanglement3,4. A paradigmatic example of topological order is the Laughlin state5, which minimizes the interaction energy of charged particles in a magnetic field and underlies the fractional quantum Hall effect6. Efforts have been made to enhance our understanding of topological order by forming Laughlin states in synthetic systems of ultracold atoms7,8 or photons9–11. Nonetheless, electron gases remain the only systems in which such topological states have been definitively observed6,12–14. Here we create Laughlin-ordered photon pairs using a gas of strongly interacting, lowest-Landau-level polaritons as a photon collider. Initially uncorrelated photons enter a cavity and hybridize with atomic Rydberg excitations to form polaritons15–17, quasiparticles that here behave like electrons in the lowest Landau level owing to a synthetic magnetic field created by Floquet engineering18 a twisted cavity11,19 and by Rydberg-mediated interactions between them16,17,20,21. Polariton pairs collide and self-organize to avoid each other while conserving angular momentum. Our finite-lifetime polaritons only weakly prefer such organization. Therefore, we harness the unique tunability of Floquet polaritons to distil high-fidelity Laughlin states of photons outside the cavity. Particle-resolved measurements show that these photons avoid each other and exhibit angular momentum correlations, the hallmarks of Laughlin physics. This work provides broad prospects for the study of topological quantum light22. Pairs of photons in the Laughlin state are created by mimicking a fractional quantum Hall system using the synthetic magnetic field induced by a twisted optical cavity and Rydberg-mediated polariton interactions.
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“Combining these elements, a two-photon Laughlin state is selectively created using a coherent laser pump with finite angular momentum and its microscopic structure is probed by looking at the correlation functions of the emitted light at different spatial positions and in different orbital angular momentum channels.”
From How to exploit driving and dissipation to stabilize and manipulate quantum many-body states (2025) · cites this paper as [152]
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“A closely related idea has been experimentally explored in a recent experiment [152]: strong interactions between photons are obtained by coupling light to optically dressed atoms in a Rydberg-EIT configuration [31,153]; a synthetic magnetic field in a cylindrically symmetric geometry is obtained by using a twisted optical ring-cavity [154].”
From How to exploit driving and dissipation to stabilize and manipulate quantum many-body states (2025) · cites this paper as [152]
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“Alternatively, these setups can be viewed as many-body systems of cavity photons with strong photon-photon interaction mediated by atoms [66, 67], and Laughlin states of light have been recently demonstrated [68].”
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“Besides the quantum states selectively discussed above, there are still a number of states available to be explored for generating quantum-analogue structured light, such as the W state [154] and Laughlin state [155], which all hold unique properties to be applied in classical light.”
BackgroundTopological edge states of interacting photon pairs emulated in a topolectrical circuit
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Metadata
- Authors
- Clark, L. W., Schine, N., Baum, C., Jia, N., & Simon, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Chicago (US)
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2020-06-03
- Volume
- 582
- Issue
- 7810
- Pages
- 41-45
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W3028818982
- Semantic Scholar
- 2984208614cab20d4f98d7fcf31ec5fe740f48d8
- Cited by
- 203
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 72 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 9
- FWCI
- 13.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Strong Light-Matter Interactions
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Orbital Angular Momentum in Optics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Condensed Matter Physics › Topological Materials and Phenomena
- Keywords
- Laughlin state, fractional quantum Hall effect, synthetic magnetic field, Rydberg atoms, polaritons, photon pairs
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