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Observation of Laughlin states made of light
Open accessAbstract
Much of the richness in nature emerges because simple constituents form an endless variety of ordered states1. Whereas many such states are fully characterized by symmetries2, interacting quantum systems can exhibit topological order and are instead characterized by intricate patterns of entanglement3,4. A paradigmatic example of topological order is the Laughlin state5, which minimizes the interaction energy of charged particles in a magnetic field and underlies the fractional quantum Hall effect6. Efforts have been made to enhance our understanding of topological order by forming Laughlin states in synthetic systems of ultracold atoms7,8 or photons9–11. Nonetheless, electron gases remain the only systems in which such topological states have been definitively observed6,12–14. Here we create Laughlin-ordered photon pairs using a gas of strongly interacting, lowest-Landau-level polaritons as a photon collider. Initially uncorrelated photons enter a cavity and hybridize with atomic Rydberg excitations to form polaritons15–17, quasiparticles that here behave like electrons in the lowest Landau level owing to a synthetic magnetic field created by Floquet engineering18 a twisted cavity11,19 and by Rydberg-mediated interactions between them16,17,20,21. Polariton pairs collide and self-organize to avoid each other while conserving angular momentum. Our finite-lifetime polaritons only weakly prefer such organization. Therefore, we harness the unique tunability of Floquet polaritons to distil high-fidelity Laughlin states of photons outside the cavity. Particle-resolved measurements show that these photons avoid each other and exhibit angular momentum correlations, the hallmarks of Laughlin physics. This work provides broad prospects for the study of topological quantum light22. Pairs of photons in the Laughlin state are created by mimicking a fractional quantum Hall system using the synthetic magnetic field induced by a twisted optical cavity and Rydberg-mediated polariton interactions.
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“Combining these elements, a two-photon Laughlin state is selectively created using a coherent laser pump with finite angular momentum and its microscopic structure is probed by looking at the correlation functions of the emitted light at different spatial positions and in different orbital angular momentum channels.”
From How to exploit driving and dissipation to stabilize and manipulate quantum many-body states (2025) · cites this paper as [152]
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“A closely related idea has been experimentally explored in a recent experiment [152]: strong interactions between photons are obtained by coupling light to optically dressed atoms in a Rydberg-EIT configuration [31,153]; a synthetic magnetic field in a cylindrically symmetric geometry is obtained by using a twisted optical ring-cavity [154].”
From How to exploit driving and dissipation to stabilize and manipulate quantum many-body states (2025) · cites this paper as [152]
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Citations
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Smirnova, D. A., Leykam, D., Chong, Y. D., & Kivshar, Y. S. (2020) · Applied Physics Reviews · doi:10.1063/1.5142397 · Cited by 615
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“Alternatively, these setups can be viewed as many-body systems of cavity photons with strong photon-photon interaction mediated by atoms [66, 67], and Laughlin states of light have been recently demonstrated [68].”
BackgroundRoadmap on topological photonics
Price, H. M., Chong, Y. D., Khanikaev, A. B., Schomerus, H., Maczewsky, L. J., Kremer, M., Heinrich, M., Szameit, A., Zilberberg, O., Yang, Y., et al. (2022) · Journal of Physics Photonics · doi:10.1088/2515-7647/ac4ee4 · Cited by 166
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“Besides the quantum states selectively discussed above, there are still a number of states available to be explored for generating quantum-analogue structured light, such as the W state [154] and Laughlin state [155], which all hold unique properties to be applied in classical light.”
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Realization of a fractional quantum Hall state with ultracold atoms
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Bliokh, K. Y., Karimi, E., Padgett, M. J., Alonso, M. A., Dennis, M. R., Dudley, A. L., Forbes, A., Zahedpour, S., Hancock, S. W., Milchberg, H. M., et al. (2023) · Journal of Optics · doi:10.1088/2040-8986/acea92 · Cited by 143
Gap solitons in a one-dimensional driven-dissipative topological lattice
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“In the strongly interacting regime, novel symmetry protected phases may appear [30], and fractional quantum Hall physics can be emulated with the possible stabilization of multi-particle Laughlin states [31].”
Non-equilibrium Bose–Einstein condensation in photonic systems
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Quantized fractional Thouless pumping of solitons
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“The first experiments creating photonic twoparticle Laughlin states used repulsive interactions mediated by Rydberg atoms in a twisted cavity [20].”
BackgroundRays, waves, SU(2) symmetry and geometry: toolkits for structured light
Shen, Y. (2021) · Journal of Optics · doi:10.1088/2040-8986/ac3676 · Cited by 100
Direct observation of photonic Landau levels and helical edge states in strained honeycomb lattices
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Chiral cavity quantum electrodynamics
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MethodSelf-citationDiscrete nonlinear topological photonics
Szameit, A., & Rechtsman, M. C. (2024) · Nature Physics · doi:10.1038/s41567-024-02454-8 · Cited by 93
“Cavity Rydberg polaritons were employed to push into the limit of ultrastrong nonlinearities, demonstrating photonic Laughlin states 101 , the bosonic analogue of fractional quantum Hall states.”
Prediction and Observation of Robust One-Way Bulk States in a Gyromagnetic Photonic Crystal
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Direct observation of photonic Landau levels and helical edge states in strained honeycomb lattices
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Chiral Quantum Optics: Recent Developments and Future Directions
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Onset of vortex clustering and inverse energy cascade in dissipative quantum fluids
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Many-body open quantum systems
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Vaneecloo, J., Garcia, S., & Ourjoumtsev, A. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.1103/physrevx.12.021034
“The strong collective couplings of Rydberg-blockaded atomic ensembles allow the use of large cavities with nontrivial cavity geometries such as ours, which recently led to the first observation of optical Laughlin states [33].”
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“In fact, this question concerns a wide range of quantumengineered platforms, including strongly-interacting photonic systems [43–47], where FQH-type states of few photons are currently under intense investigation [48–50].”
BackgroundCollective Spin-Light and Light-Mediated Spin-Spin Interactions in an Optical Cavity
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Measures of space-time nonseparability of electromagnetic pulses
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“Many classical analogs of quantum states were realized in vortex beams such as Laughlin states [55] and Schrödinger’s cat states [56].”
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Vega, C., Porras, D., & González-Tudela, A. (2023) · Physical Review Research · doi:10.1103/physrevresearch.5.023031 · Cited by 50
Simon, S. H. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198886723.001.0001 · Cited by 51
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Z2 lattice gauge theories and Kitaev's toric code: A scheme for analog quantum simulation
Homeier, L., Schweizer, C., Aidelsburger, M., Fedorov, A., & Grusdt, F. (2021) · Physical review. B./Physical review. B · doi:10.1103/physrevb.104.085138 · Cited by 47
“Indeed, in the past decade significant progress has been made engineering artificial gauge fields for neutral particles and photonics [43, 44], and combining them with strong interactions [45–47] – thus paving the way towards studies of strongly correlated topological states of matter [48].”
BackgroundLandau Rainbow Induced by Artificial Gauge Fields
Zhao, W. D., Zheng, Y., Lu, C., Wang, Z., Liu, Y., & Zhang, S. (2024) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.133.233801 · Cited by 39
Measures of space-time non-separability of electromagnetic pulses
Shen, Y., Zdagkas, A., Papasimakis, N., et al. (2021) · ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) · Cited by 38
Optically Driven Rotation of Exciton–Polariton Condensates
Redondo, Y. D. V., Schneider, C., Klembt, S., Höfling, S., Tarucha, S., & Fraser, M. D. (2023) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c01021 · Cited by 39
“While studied in atomic gases (7, 39, 40) and the twisted photonic cavity-Rydberg atom platform (41, 42), achieving the many-body bosonic FQH state remains extremely challenging (43).”
BackgroundObservation of frustrated chiral dynamics in an interacting triangular flux ladder
Li, Y., Du, H., Wang, Y., Liang, J.-Q., Xiao, L., Yi, W., Ma, J., & Jia, S. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-43204-3 · Cited by 35
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Saxberg, B., Vrajitoarea, A., Roberts, G., Panetta, M. G., Simon, J., & Schuster, D. (2022) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05357-x · Cited by 42
“Synthetic materials, which are composed of interacting ions [18], atoms [19] or photons [3, 20], rather than interacting electrons as in solid state materials, offer a unique window into the equilibrium and dynamical properties of many-body quantum systems.”
BackgroundSelf-citationRealization of a Laughlin State of Two Rapidly Rotating Fermions
Lunt, P., Hill, P., Reiter, J., et al. (2024) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.133.253401 · Cited by 34
“…in the fractional quantum Hall effect [7,27 – 29], where first attempts have been pursued in rotating atomic clusters of interacting bosons [30]; in different systems, Laughlin states with two photons [31] and with two bosonic atoms in a driven optical lattice [32] have been realized lately.”
Topological band structure via twisted photons in a degenerate cavity
Yang, M., Zhang, H., Liao, Y., Liu, Z., Zhou, Z.-W., Zhou, X., Xu, J., Han, Y., Li, C., & Guo, G. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-29779-3 · Cited by 34
Floquet-tailored Rydberg interactions
Zhao, L.-H., Lee, M. D. K., Aliyu, M. M., & Loh, H. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-42899-8 · Cited by 31
“Aversatile approach, FFM has been used to implement efficient random access quantum processors with superconducting circuits [27], generate strongly interacting polaritons with Rydberg atoms in an optical cavity [28], and create exotic states of light [29].”
Vortex lattices in strongly confined quantum droplets
Yogurt, T. A., Tanyeri, U., Keleş, A., & Oktel, M. Ö. (2023) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.108.033315 · Cited by 36
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Blaha, M., Johnson, A., Rauschenbeutel, A., & Volz, J. (2022) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.105.013719 · Cited by 29
High Cooperativity Using a Confocal-Cavity–QED Microscope
Kroeze, R. M., Marsh, B., Lin, K.-Y., et al. (2023) · PRX Quantum · doi:10.1103/prxquantum.4.020326 · Cited by 27
“A wealth of exotic phenomena can result, including (interacting) photonic Laughlin states [21], optical mode conversion [22], and compliant optical lattices [20] arising from emergent crystallinity [6,20,23].”
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“The realization of a two-particle Laughlin state was presented in [33] using the giant nonlinearity of Rydberg polaritons and the synthetic magnetic field of a twisted optical cavity [34].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialQuantum topological photonics with special focus on waveguide systems
Gao, J., Xu, Z.-S., Yang, Z., Zwiller, V., & Elshaari, A. W. (2024) · npj Nanophotonics · doi:10.1038/s44310-024-00034-5 · Cited by 29
“A standout achievement in this domain is the experimental realization of Laughlin states using light 99 .”
Site-Selective Cavity Readout and Classical Error Correction of a 5-Bit Atomic Register
Hu, B., Sinclair, J., Bytyqi, E., Chong, M., Rudelis, A., Ramette, J., Vendeiro, Z., & Vuletić, V. (2025) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.134.120801 · Cited by 24
“By locally light-shifting individual atoms on an excited-to-excited-state transition [27 – 32], we can address any subset of the array on a fast timescale, with minimal effect on the hyperfine ground states.”
Self-ordering of individual photons in waveguide QED and Rydberg-atom arrays
Iversen, O. A., & Pohl, T. (2022) · Physical Review Research · doi:10.1103/physrevresearch.4.023002 · Cited by 23
“Apart from few recent exceptions [26, 27], repulsive photonphoton interactions have, however, remained scarce and difficult to realize.”
BackgroundDeterministic freely propagating photonic qubits with negative Wigner functions
Magro, V., Vaneecloo, J., Garcia, S., & Ourjoumtsev, A. (2023) · Nature Photonics · doi:10.1038/s41566-023-01196-y · Cited by 25
“They hold promises as sources of sophisticated non-classical light states or as photonic quantum simulators, enabled by coupling several Rydberg superatoms to the same cavity mode or by coupling several cavity modes via Rydberg interactions [40].”
MethodStrongly interacting Meissner phases in large bosonic flux ladders
Impertro, A., Huh, S., Karch, S., Wienand, J. F., Bloch, I., & Aidelsburger, M. (2025) · Nature Physics · doi:10.1038/s41567-025-02890-0 · Cited by 31
Tracing non-Abelian anyons via impurity particles
Baldelli, N., Juliá-Díaz, B., Bhattacharya, U., Lewenstein, M., & Graß, T. (2021) · Physical review. B./Physical review. B · doi:10.1103/physrevb.104.035133 · Cited by 24
“Through light-matter coupling, even a Laughlin-like state of two photons has been achieved recently [36], whereas the experimental demonstration of atomic Laughlin states has not yet been conclusive [37].”
BackgroundQuantum optics with Rydberg superatoms
Kumlin, J., Braun, C., Tresp, C., Stiesdal, N., Hofferberth, S., & Paris-Mandoki, A. (2023) · Journal of Physics Communications · doi:10.1088/2399-6528/acd51d · Cited by 21
Cavity QED in a high NA resonator
Shadmany, D., Kumar, A., Soper, A., Palm, L., Yin, C., Ando, H., Li, B., Taneja, L., Jaffe, M., Schuster, D., et al. (2025) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.ads8171 · Cited by 24
“For example, by employing an additional long propagation arm and/or a pair of convex mirrors, the bowtie resonator allows for mode-waists down to a limit imposed by astigmatism induced by off-axis incidence on the focusing mirrors [32, 33].”
Self-citationBasov, D. N., Asenjo-García, A., Schuck, P. J., Zhu, X., Rubio, Á., Cavalleri, A., Delor, M., Fogler, M. M., & Liu, M. K. (2025) · Nanophotonics · doi:10.1515/nanoph-2025-0001 · Cited by 33
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Quantum Hall states for Rydberg arrays with laser-assisted dipole-dipole interactions
Yang, T., Wang, B., Zhou, X.-C., & Liu, X.-J. (2022) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.106.l021101 · Cited by 22
“Important attempts at achieving the QH regime have been made in bosonic systems like rotating Bose-Einstein condensates [20], Hostadter-Hubbard model [21], and interacting photons [22], while the feasibility of fully realizing such strongly correlated topological phases in experiment is hitherto elusive.”
BackgroundColloquium : Synthetic quantum matter in nonstandard geometries
Graß, T., Bercioux, D., Bhattacharya, U., Lewenstein, M., Nguyen, H. S., & Weitenberg, C. (2025) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.97.011001 · Cited by 26
Artificial gauge fields in photonics
Song, W., Yang, Y., Lin, Z., Liu, X., Wu, S., Chen, C., Ke, Y., Lee, C., Liu, W., Zhu, S. N., et al. (2025) · Nature Reviews Physics · doi:10.1038/s42254-025-00869-7 · Cited by 24
“In this configuration, the twist between resonators induces photon rotation about the optical axis, subjecting the photons to an artificial gauge field 25,140 .”
InfluentialFractional Angular Momentum and Anyon Statistics of Impurities in Laughlin Liquids
Graß, T., Juliá-Díaz, B., Baldelli, N., Bhattacharya, U., & Lewenstein, M. (2020) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.125.136801 · Cited by 18
“Strong efforts to improve the experimental evidence of anyons concern the implementation of FQH physics in highly controllable quantum systems such as cold atoms [10, 11] or photonic quantum simulators [12].”
BackgroundSimulating topological materials with photonic synthetic dimensions in cavities
Yang, M., Xu, J., Li, C., & Guo, G. (2022) · Quantum Frontiers · doi:10.1007/s44214-022-00015-9 · Cited by 19
“The Laughlin state has also been obtained in this configuration [88], which may open the way to observe two dimensional fractional quantum Hall phases.”
MethodLimit cycle phase and Goldstone mode in driven dissipative systems
Alaeian, H., Giedke, G., Carusotto, I., Löw, R., & Pfau, T. (2021) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.103.013712 · Cited by 16
Strongly Interacting Photons in 2D Waveguide QED
Tečer, M., Liberto, M. F. D., Silvi, P., Montangero, S., Romanato, F., & Calajò, G. (2024) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.132.163602 · Cited by 16
Preparation of the 1/2 Laughlin state with atoms in a rotating trap
Andrade, B., Kasper, V., Lewenstein, M., Weitenberg, C., & Graß, T. (2021) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.103.063325 · Cited by 19
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MethodBespoke mirror fabrication for quantum simulation with light in open-access microcavities
Walker, B. T., Ash, B. J., Trichet, A. A. P., Smith, J. M., & Nyman, R. A. (2021) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.422127 · Cited by 15
Skyrmion ground states of rapidly rotating few-fermion systems
Palm, L., Grusdt, F., & Preiss, P. M. (2020) · New Journal of Physics · doi:10.1088/1367-2630/aba30e · Cited by 15
“Signatures of topological states in strongly interacting systems have been far more elusive, with the notable exception of rapidly rotating ultracold bosonic systems [15] and the recent realization of two-photon Laughlin states of light [16].”
BackgroundTowards Floquet Chern insulators of light
Jin, J., He, L., Lu, J., Chang, L., Chen, S., Bowers, J. E., Melé, E. J., & Zhen, B. (2025) · Nature Nanotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41565-025-02003-1 · Cited by 15
Structured light analogy of quantum squeezed states
Wang, Z., Zhan, Z., Vetlugin, A. N., Ou, J., Liu, Q., Shen, Y., & Fu, X. (2024) · Light Science & Applications · doi:10.1038/s41377-024-01631-x · Cited by 14
“For instance, the vortex beams were used to simulate quantum cat states 9 , Landau levels 10 , and Laughlin matter 11,12 and to observe the Berezinskii – Kosterlitz – Thouless phase transition, enabling thermodynamics study in photonic light fl uid 13 .”
MethodLinear and nonlinear edge dynamics of trapped fractional quantum Hall droplets
Nardin, A., & Carusotto, I. (2023) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.107.033320 · Cited by 16
“Important experimental steps towards observing FQH physics have been recently reported in both atomic [27–29] and photonic systems [30, 31].”
Ideal Flat and Resolved SU(3) Landau Levels in Three Dimensions
Peng, M., Wei, Q., Yuan, J., Wang, D., Yan, M., Cai, H., & Chen, G. (2025) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.134.116601 · Cited by 14
Measurable fractional spin for quantum Hall quasiparticles on the disk
Comparin, T., Opler, A., Macaluso, E., Biella, A., Polychronakos, A. P., & Mazza, L. (2022) · INO Open Portal · doi:10.1103/physrevb.105.085125 · Cited by 15
Topological transitions driven by quantum statistics and their electrical circuit emulation
Olekhno, N. A., Rozenblit, A. D., Stepanenko, A. A., Dmitriev, A. A., Bobylev, D. A., & Gorlach, M. A. (2022) · Physical review. B./Physical review. B · doi:10.1103/physrevb.105.205113 · Cited by 14
Exactly solvable model behind Bose-Hubbard dimers, Ince-Gauss beams, and aberrated optical cavities
Gutiérrez–Cuevas, R., O’Dell, D. H. J., Dennis, M. R., & Alonso, M. A. (2023) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.107.l031502 · Cited by 11
Jaffe, M., Palm, L., Baum, C., Taneja, L., & Simon, J. (2021) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.104.013524 · Cited by 12
“We find that this perturbative approach accurately captures observed mode-mixing [6, 7] arising from aberration terms near degeneracy.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationThe Coming Decades of Quantum Simulation
Fraxanet, J., Salamon, T., & Lewenstein, M. (2023) · Lecture notes in physics · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-32469-7_4 · Cited by 24
Chirality dependent photon transport and helical superradiance
Peter, J. S., Ostermann, S., & Yelin, S. F. (2024) · Physical Review Research · doi:10.1103/physrevresearch.6.023200 · Cited by 11
Growing extended Laughlin states in a quantum gas microscope: A patchwork construction
Palm, F. A., Kwan, J., Bakkali-Hassani, B., Greiner, M., Schollwöck, U., Goldman, N., & Grusdt, F. (2024) · Physical Review Research · doi:10.1103/physrevresearch.6.013198 · Cited by 10
“Despite recent advances, quantum simulation of Laughlin states has so far been limited to systems of two photons [13] or, very recently, two bosonic atoms forming a fractional Chern insulator (FCI) in an optical lattice [14].”
BackgroundAutonomous stabilization of photonic Laughlin states through angular momentum potentials
Umucalılar, R. O., Simon, J., & Carusotto, I. (2021) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.104.023704 · Cited by 10
“Capitalizing on the recent advances, a most exciting perspective is to merge the autonomous stabilization techniques first proposed in [8, 9] and experimentally developed in the microwave domain in [6] with the synthetic magnetic field and the strong interactions developed for Rydberg polaritons in [7] and approach ma…”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationStabilizing the Laughlin state of light: Dynamics of hole fractionalization
Kurilovich, P. D., Kurilovich, V. D., Lebreuilly, J., & Girvin, S. M. (2022) · SciPost Physics · doi:10.21468/scipostphys.13.5.107 · Cited by 11
“Experimentally, a chiral correlated state was observed in a three-qubit ring [36] and a two-photon Laughlin state was realized in a twisted optical resonator [37].”
BackgroundEmergent Fracton Hydrodynamics of Ultracold Atoms in Partially Filled Landau Levels
Zerba, C., Seidel, A., Pollmann, F., & Knap, M. (2025) · PRX Quantum · doi:10.1103/prxquantum.6.020321 · Cited by 10
A cavity-array microscope for parallel single-atom interfacing
Shaw, A. L., Soper, A., Shadmany, D., Kumar, A., Palm, L., Koh, D.-Y., Kaxiras, V., Taneja, L., Jaffe, M., Schuster, D., et al. (2026) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-025-10035-9 · Cited by 19
“Multi-mode cavity designs have been explored in this context, but at the cost of single-atom resolution [38–40].”
Self-citationManybody interferometry of quantum fluids
Roberts, G., Vrajitoarea, A., Saxberg, B., Panetta, M. G., Simon, J., & Schuster, D. (2024) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.ado1069 · Cited by 14
“Advances in controllable quantum science platforms have opened the possibility of creating synthetic quantum materials, in which the physical laws governing the material are built-to-order in the lab [4, 5, 15, 16].”
BackgroundSelf-citationRealization of edge states along a synthetic orbital angular momentum dimension
Liao, Y.-W., Yang, M., Zhang, H.-Q., Hao, Z.-H., Hu, J. X., Zhu, T., Zhou, Z., Luo, X.-W., Xu, J., Li, C., et al. (2024) · Photonics Research · doi:10.1364/prj.533602 · Cited by 8
“Furthermore, the degenerate cavity offers the possibility of coupling atoms [44], allowing for the exploration of effective many-particle systems by introducing photon-photon interactions via atomic mediums [45, 46].”
BackgroundAnalytical solution of the disordered Tavis-Cummings model and its Fano resonances
Zeb, M. A. (2022) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.106.063720 · Cited by 7
Angular momentum redirection phase of vector beams in a non‐planar geometry
McWilliam, A., Cisowski, C. M., Bennett, R. G., & Franke‐Arnold, S. (2021) · Nanophotonics · doi:10.1515/nanoph-2021-0528 · Cited by 8
Kawamura, T., Hanai, R., & Ohashi, Y. (2022) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.106.013311 · Cited by 8
Observation of the diffusive Nambu–Goldstone mode of a non-equilibrium phase transition
Claude, F., Jacquet, M. J., Glorieux, Q., Wouters, M., Giacobino, E., Carusotto, I., & Bramati, A. (2025) · Nature Physics · doi:10.1038/s41567-025-02902-z · Cited by 7
“…mechanics 11 , exploring non-equilibrium phase transitions that involve several Goldstone branches such as supersolids 50–53 and investigating the collective dynamics of strongly correlated fluids of light 54,55 , possibly in new states of matter that have no counterpart in equilibrium systems 56 .”
Continuously tunable single-photon level nonlinearity with Rydberg state wave-function engineering
Xu, B., Ye, G.-S., Chang, Y., Shi, T., & Li, L. (2024) · Reports on Progress in Physics · doi:10.1088/1361-6633/ad847e · Cited by 7
Observation of Boyer-Wolf Gaussian modes
Tschernig, K., Guacaneme, D., Mhibik, O., Divliansky, I. B., & Bandres, M. A. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-49456-x · Cited by 8
“To facilitate this process, we have assigned numbers to every individual point raised by each referee, organized in the order of their appearance in the report of each referee.”
Resource Theory of Heat and Work with Non-commuting Charges
Khanian, Z. B., Bera, M. N., Riera, A., Lewenstein, M., & Winter, A. (2022) · Annales Henri Poincaré · doi:10.1007/s00023-022-01254-1 · Cited by 14
Topological degeneracy breaking in synthetic frequency lattice by Floquet engineering
Qiao, X., Wang, L., Li, G., Chen, X., & Yuan, L. (2023) · Nanophotonics · doi:10.1515/nanoph-2023-0408 · Cited by 8
“Floquet engineering provides a powerful tool for exploring physics under periodic drives [1–6] from condensed matter systems [7, 8] to photonic platforms [9–13], giving rise to various schemes for manipulating physical states.”
Anyonic braiding via quench dynamics in fractional quantum Hall liquids
Li, J., Ye, D., Jiang, C.-X., Jiang, N., Wan, X., & Hu, Z.-X. (2022) · Physical review. B./Physical review. B · doi:10.1103/physrevb.105.195311 · Cited by 7
Pan, Y., Li, L., Zhou, X.-L., Huang, D.-Y., Shen, Z.-M., Jian, W., Li, C., & Guo, G. (2022) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.472022 · Cited by 7
Ultrafast Time Dynamics of Plasmonic Fractional Orbital Angular Momentum
Bauer, T. A., Davis, T. J., Frank, B., Dreher, P., Janoschka, D., Meiler, T. C., zu Heringdorf, F. ‐. M., Kuipers, L., & Giessen, H. W. (2023) · ACS Photonics · doi:10.1021/acsphotonics.3c01036 · Cited by 8
“…and might allow for a versatile platform to study topologically analog concepts such as SPP realizations of the Aharonov − Bohm effect 32,33 or fractional quantum Hall states 34 as well as 2D chiral structures with broken time-reversal symmetry associated with fractional modal winding numbers.”
BackgroundNardin, A., Bernardis, D. D., Umucalılar, R. O., Mazza, L., Rizzi, M., & Carusotto, I. (2024) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.133.183401 · Cited by 7
“First experimental observations of small FQH clouds have been recently re-ported in both the atomic [28–30] and photonic [31, 32] contexts.”
Photonic Landau levels in an astigmatic frequency-degenerate laser
Pan, J., Wang, Z., Meng, Y., Fu, X., Shen, Y., & Liu, Q. (2025) · Communications Physics · doi:10.1038/s42005-025-02013-4 · Cited by 7
“…levels have been employed in the topological characterization of electro-magnetic and gravitational responses 24 , the exploration of light-matter interactions for exotic polaritons 25,26 , the emulation of quantum Laughlin matter 27,28 , and the realization of Landau levels in acoustics 29,30 .”
Wu, Y.-H., Tu, H.-H., & Cheng, M. (2023) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.131.256502 · Cited by 7
Lledó, C., Carusotto, I., & Szymańska, M. H. (2022) · SciPost Physics · doi:10.21468/scipostphys.12.2.068 · Cited by 9
“On the other hand, first reports of experimental studies of the interplay of strong synthetic magnetic fields and strong interactions in photonic systems have recently started appearing in the literature [28, 52].”
Topological two-particle dynamics in a periodically driven lattice model with on-site interactions
Berti, A., & Carusotto, I. (2022) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.105.023329 · Cited by 6
Understanding and suppressing backscatter in optical resonators
Jaffe, M., Palm, L., Baum, C., Taneja, L., Kumar, A., & Simon, J. (2022) · Optica · doi:10.1364/optica.463723 · Cited by 7
Self-citationHow to exploit driving and dissipation to stabilize and manipulate quantum many-body states
Carusotto, I. (2025) · Comptes Rendus. Physique · doi:10.5802/crphys.258 · Cited by 5
“…first experiments have demonstrated bistability effects in single mode geometries [17, 18]; taking inspiration from the recent experiments demonstrating baby fractional quantum Hall fluids of light [119], analogous work is in progress in the direction of stabilizing strongly correlated states.”
Fractional quantum Hall effect based on Weyl orbits
Wang, J.-H., Yang, Y.-B., & Xu, Y. (2025) · Physical review. B./Physical review. B · doi:10.1103/physrevb.111.045108 · Cited by 5
“Recently, the FQH effect has been realized in various quantum simulators with high controllability, including photons [24, 25] and cold atoms [26].”
BackgroundFractional Quantum Anomalous Hall Phase for Raman Superarray of Rydberg Atoms
Poon, T. F. J., Zhou, X.-C., Wang, B., Yang, T., & Liu, X.-J. (2024) · Advanced Quantum Technologies · doi:10.1002/qute.202300356 · Cited by 6
Metadata
- Authors
- Clark, L. W., Schine, N., Baum, C., Jia, N., & Simon, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Chicago (US)
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2020-06-03
- Volume
- 582
- Issue
- 7810
- Pages
- 41-45
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W3028818982
- Semantic Scholar
- 2984208614cab20d4f98d7fcf31ec5fe740f48d8
- Cited by
- 203
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 72 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 9
- FWCI
- 13.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Strong Light-Matter Interactions
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Orbital Angular Momentum in Optics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Condensed Matter Physics › Topological Materials and Phenomena
- Keywords
- Laughlin state, fractional quantum Hall effect, synthetic magnetic field, Rydberg atoms, polaritons, photon pairs
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