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Quantum phases of matter on a 256-atom programmable quantum simulator
Open accessAbstract
Motivated by far-reaching applications ranging from quantum simulations of complex processes in physics and chemistry to quantum information processing1, a broad effort is currently underway to build large-scale programmable quantum systems. Such systems provide insights into strongly correlated quantum matter2–6, while at the same time enabling new methods for computation7–10 and metrology11. Here we demonstrate a programmable quantum simulator based on deterministically prepared two-dimensional arrays of neutral atoms, featuring strong interactions controlled by coherent atomic excitation into Rydberg states12. Using this approach, we realize a quantum spin model with tunable interactions for system sizes ranging from 64 to 256 qubits. We benchmark the system by characterizing high-fidelity antiferromagnetically ordered states and demonstrating quantum critical dynamics consistent with an Ising quantum phase transition in (2 + 1) dimensions13. We then create and study several new quantum phases that arise from the interplay between interactions and coherent laser excitation14, experimentally map the phase diagram and investigate the role of quantum fluctuations. Offering a new lens into the study of complex quantum matter, these observations pave the way for investigations of exotic quantum phases, non-equilibrium entanglement dynamics and hardware-efficient realization of quantum algorithms. A programmable quantum simulator with 256 qubits is created using neutral atoms in two-dimensional optical tweezer arrays, demonstrating a quantum phase transition and revealing new quantum phases of matter.
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“The lifetime of an atom in such a microtrap is mostly limited by the residual vacuum pressure and typically lies in the range of 10-20 s [29,30].”
From Neutral atom quantum computing hardware: performance and end-user perspective (2023) · cites this paper as [29]
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“10-60 s [22, 23, 29, 30] (up to 6000 s with cryostat [39])”
From Neutral atom quantum computing hardware: performance and end-user perspective (2023) · cites this paper as [29]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Ebadi, S., Wang, T. T., Levine, H., Keesling, A., Semeghini, G., Omran, A., Bluvstein, D., Samajdar, R., Pichler, H., Ho, W. W., Choi, S., Sachdev, S., Greiner, M., Vuletić, V., & Lukin, M. D.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Austrian Academy of Sciences (AT)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lukin, Mikhail D.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2021-07-07
- Volume
- 595
- Issue
- 7866
- Pages
- 227-232
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W3117469420
- Semantic Scholar
- 8466edf6fcdb2b524b0aec25107963c04f785de5
- Cited by
- 995
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 126 · 2025: 232 · 2024: 215 · 2023: 192 · 2022: 191 · 2021: 39
- FWCI
- 69.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (cc-by)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Energy (DESC0021013, DESC0019030)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Cold Atom Physics and Bose-Einstein Condensates
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum many-body systems
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum Information and Cryptography
- Keywords
- Rydberg atoms, optical tweezer arrays, neutral atom arrays, quantum spin systems, antiferromagnetic ordering, quantum critical dynamics, quantum phase diagram, quantum fluctuations, strongly correlated quantum matter
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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