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Quantum phases of matter on a 256-atom programmable quantum simulator
Open accessAbstract
Motivated by far-reaching applications ranging from quantum simulations of complex processes in physics and chemistry to quantum information processing1, a broad effort is currently underway to build large-scale programmable quantum systems. Such systems provide insights into strongly correlated quantum matter2–6, while at the same time enabling new methods for computation7–10 and metrology11. Here we demonstrate a programmable quantum simulator based on deterministically prepared two-dimensional arrays of neutral atoms, featuring strong interactions controlled by coherent atomic excitation into Rydberg states12. Using this approach, we realize a quantum spin model with tunable interactions for system sizes ranging from 64 to 256 qubits. We benchmark the system by characterizing high-fidelity antiferromagnetically ordered states and demonstrating quantum critical dynamics consistent with an Ising quantum phase transition in (2 + 1) dimensions13. We then create and study several new quantum phases that arise from the interplay between interactions and coherent laser excitation14, experimentally map the phase diagram and investigate the role of quantum fluctuations. Offering a new lens into the study of complex quantum matter, these observations pave the way for investigations of exotic quantum phases, non-equilibrium entanglement dynamics and hardware-efficient realization of quantum algorithms. A programmable quantum simulator with 256 qubits is created using neutral atoms in two-dimensional optical tweezer arrays, demonstrating a quantum phase transition and revealing new quantum phases of matter.
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“The lifetime of an atom in such a microtrap is mostly limited by the residual vacuum pressure and typically lies in the range of 10-20 s [29,30].”
From Neutral atom quantum computing hardware: performance and end-user perspective (2023) · cites this paper as [29]
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“10-60 s [22, 23, 29, 30] (up to 6000 s with cryostat [39])”
From Neutral atom quantum computing hardware: performance and end-user perspective (2023) · cites this paper as [29]
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MethodMicrowave Engineering of Programmable X X Z Hamiltonians in Arrays of Rydberg Atoms
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Quantum phase transition dynamics in the two-dimensional transverse-field Ising model
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Self-citationNishimori’s Cat: Stable Long-Range Entanglement from Finite-Depth Unitaries and Weak Measurements
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InfluentialError budgeting for a controlled-phase gate with strontium-88 Rydberg atoms
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Fermionic quantum processing with programmable neutral atom arrays
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Self-citationRealization of a Fermi-Hubbard Optical Tweezer Array
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Localized magnetic field in the O(N) model
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“The N = 1 (Ising) quantum critical point has also been recently realized in a large-scale programmable quantum simulator made of neutral atoms [15].”
BackgroundTitanium:sapphire-on-insulator integrated lasers and amplifiers
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“Consequently, mode-locked and continuous-wave Ti:sapphire lasers are unmatched in performance and are essential in disciplines such as quantum optics and atomic physics 3,4,13,14 .”
BackgroundIterative Assembly of 171 Yb Atom Arrays with Cavity-Enhanced Optical Lattices
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Midcircuit Qubit Measurement and Rearrangement in a Yb 171 Atomic Array
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Rydberg quantum wires for maximum independent set problems
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The critical O(N) CFT: Methods and conformal data
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Quantum algorithms for quantum dynamics
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“Lastly, it is worthwhile mentioning that analog quantum simulation platforms represent an interesting alternative to achieve impactful results in the near future 109,110,228,229 .”
BackgroundMethodQuantum logic and entanglement by neutral Rydberg atoms: methods and fidelity
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“9992; 30 μs [38] (Bell states) Neutral atoms 209 [63]; 219 [64]; 256 [65] 7 s [66]; 48 s [67] 0.”
Defect-Free Arbitrary-Geometry Assembly of Mixed-Species Atom Arrays
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“But such a moving way is typically required for scaling up compact tweezer arrays [7,48,51].”
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Continuous operation of large-scale atom arrays in optical lattices
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“This duration could be drastically reduced by implementing a more complex parallel resorting scheme [8, 14, 38, 39].”
BackgroundSupercharged two-dimensional tweezer array with more than 1000 atomic qubits
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BackgroundDispersive optical systems for scalable Raman driving of hyperfine qubits
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Self-citationThermalization and criticality on an analogue–digital quantum simulator
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“3,23–25).”
Entanglement generation in (1+1)D QED scattering processes
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Single Atoms with 6000-Second Trapping Lifetimes in Optical-Tweezer Arrays at Cryogenic Temperatures
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Carbon Nanotube Devices for Quantum Technology
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Pulser: An open-source package for the design of pulse sequences in programmable neutral-atom arrays
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“This holds great promises for the implementation of graph-related algorithms [46, 47, 53–55], the exploration of lattice models in condensed-matter physics [18, 43, 44], or the reduction of the gatecount for quantum circuits [7].”
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Ultracold chemistry as a testbed for few-body physics
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“Trapped ions 8 and Rydberg atoms 9,10 have been shown to have potential as platforms for quantum computing.”
From architectures to applications: a review of neural quantum states
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Observation of string breaking on a (2 + 1)D Rydberg quantum simulator
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Benchmarking highly entangled states on a 60-atom analogue quantum simulator
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Self-citationNon-Abelian Floquet Spin Liquids in a Digital Rydberg Simulator
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“Ising [7, 9] and XXZ [34] Hamiltonians, using programmable, fixed atom geometry.”
MethodSelf-citationQuantum coarsening and collective dynamics on a programmable simulator
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“11,40.”
InfluentialSelf-citationSymmetries and conserved quantities of boundary time crystals in generalized spin models
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Emergent Z 2 Gauge Theories and Topological Excitations in Rydberg Atom Arrays
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Self-citationHigh-Fidelity Detection of Large-Scale Atom Arrays in an Optical Lattice
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“…the power-intensive imaging step from preparation and physics in optical tweezer arrays, with potential applications in quantum simulation of Ising models [34, 35, 49, 50], lattice gauge theories [51], quantum chemistry [52], or quantum-enhanced metrology [15, 40, 53, 54] in scalable ensembles.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialQuantum Variational Learning of the Entanglement Hamiltonian
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Classical shadows for quantum process tomography on near-term quantum computers
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Scalable all-optical cold damping of levitated nanoparticles
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Analytic approaches to periodically driven closed quantum systems: methods and applications
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2023 roadmap for materials for quantum technologies
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Metadata
- Authors
- Ebadi, S., Wang, T. T., Levine, H., Keesling, A., Semeghini, G., Omran, A., Bluvstein, D., Samajdar, R., Pichler, H., Ho, W. W., Choi, S., Sachdev, S., Greiner, M., Vuletić, V., & Lukin, M. D.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Austrian Academy of Sciences (AT)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lukin, Mikhail D.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2021-07-07
- Volume
- 595
- Issue
- 7866
- Pages
- 227-232
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W3117469420
- Semantic Scholar
- 8466edf6fcdb2b524b0aec25107963c04f785de5
- Cited by
- 995
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 126 · 2025: 232 · 2024: 215 · 2023: 192 · 2022: 191 · 2021: 39
- FWCI
- 69.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (cc-by)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Energy (DESC0021013, DESC0019030)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Cold Atom Physics and Bose-Einstein Condensates
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum many-body systems
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum Information and Cryptography
- Keywords
- Rydberg atoms, optical tweezer arrays, neutral atom arrays, quantum spin systems, antiferromagnetic ordering, quantum critical dynamics, quantum phase diagram, quantum fluctuations, strongly correlated quantum matter
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