CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 91Atmospheric Ozone and ClimateAtmospheric chemistry and aerosolsAtmospheric aerosols and clouds

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 3 of the 3 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Natural short-lived halogens exert an indirect cooling effect on climate

Open access
Saiz-Lopez, Alfonso, Fernandez, Rafael P., Li, Qinyi, Cuevas, Carlos A., Fu, Xiao, Kinnison, Douglas E., Tilmes, Simone, Mahajan, Anoop S., Gómez Martín, Juan Carlos, Iglesias-Suarez, Fernando, Hossaini, Ryan, Plane, John M. C., Myhre, Gunnar, Lamarque, Jean-François·2023·Nature
DOI 10.1038/s41586-023-06119-zPMC PMC10307623
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Observational evidence shows the ubiquitous presence of ocean-emitted short-lived halogens in the global atmosphere 1–3 . Natural emissions of these chemical compounds have been anthropogenically amplified since pre-industrial times 4–6 , while, in addition, anthropogenic short-lived halocarbons are currently being emitted to the atmosphere 7,8 . Despite their widespread distribution in the atmosphere, the combined impact of these species on Earth’s radiative balance remains unknown. Here we show that short-lived halogens exert a substantial indirect cooling effect at present (−0.13 ± 0.03 watts per square metre) that arises from halogen-mediated radiative perturbations of ozone (−0.24 ± 0.02 watts per square metre), compensated by those from methane (+0.09 ± 0.01 watts per square metre), aerosols (+0.03 ± 0.01 watts per square metre) and stratospheric water vapour (+0.011 ± 0.001 watts per square metre). Importantly, this substantial cooling effect has increased since 1750 by −0.05 ± 0.03 watts per square metre (61 per cent), driven by the anthropogenic amplification of natural halogen emissions, and is projected to change further (18–31 per cent by 2100) depending on climate warming projections and socioeconomic development. We conclude that the indirect radiative effect due to short-lived halogens should now be incorporated into climate models to provide a more realistic natural baseline of Earth’s climate system.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1038/s41586-023-06119-z

Cites

3 of 3 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 107

  1. Saiz-Lopez, A. & von Glasow, R. Reactive halogen chemistry in the troposphere. Chem. Soc. Rev. 41, 6448–6472 (2012). · DOI
  2. Simpson, W. R., Brown, S. S., Saiz-Lopez, A., Thornton, J. A. & Von Glasow, R. Tropospheric halogen chemistry: sources, cycling, and impacts. Chem. Rev. 115, 4035–4062 (2015). · DOI
  3. Cuevas, C. A. et al. Rapid increase in atmospheric iodine levels in the North Atlantic since the mid-20th century. Nat. Commun. 9, 1452 (2018). · DOI
  4. Legrand, M. et al. Alpine ice evidence of a three-fold increase in atmospheric iodine deposition since 1950 in Europe due to increasing oceanic emissions. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 115, 12136–12141 (2018). · DOI
  5. Zhao, X., Hou, X. & Zhou, W. Atmospheric iodine (127I and 129I) record in spruce tree rings in the northeast Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Environ. Sci. Technol. 53, 8706–8714 (2019). · DOI
  6. Fang, X. et al. Rapid increase in ozone-depleting chloroform emissions from China. Nat. Geosci. 12, 89–93 (2019). · DOI
  7. An, M. et al. Rapid increase in dichloromethane emissions from China inferred through atmospheric observations. Nat. Commun. 12, 7279 (2021). · DOI
  8. Andreae, M. O. & Crutzen, P. J. Atmospheric aerosols: biogeochemical sources and role in atmospheric chemistry. Science 276, 1052–1058 (1997). · DOI
  9. Alicke, B., Hebestreit, K., Stutz, J. & Platt, U. Iodine oxide in the marine boundary layer. Nature 397, 572–573 (1999). · DOI
  10. Chance, K. Analysis of BrO measurements from the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment. Geophys. Res. Lett. 25, 3335–3338 (1998). · DOI
  11. Dix, B. et al. Detection of iodine monoxide in the tropical free troposphere. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 110, 2035–2040 (2013). · DOI
  12. Koenig, T. K. et al. Quantitative detection of iodine in the stratosphere. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 117, 1860–1866 (2020). · DOI
  13. Liao, J. et al. High levels of molecular chlorine in the Arctic atmosphere. Nat. Geosci. 7, 91–94 (2014). · DOI
  14. Platt, U. & Wagner, T. Satellite mapping of enhanced BrO concentrations in the troposphere. Nature 395, 486–490 (1998). · DOI
  15. Read, K. A. et al. Extensive halogen-mediated ozone destruction over the tropical Atlantic Ocean. Nature 453, 1232–1235 (2008). · DOI
  16. Saiz-Lopez, A. et al. Boundary layer halogens in coastal Antarctica. Science 317, 348–351 (2007). · DOI
  17. Thornton, J. A. et al. A large atomic chlorine source inferred from mid-continental reactive nitrogen chemistry. Nature 464, 271–274 (2010). · DOI · Paper page
  18. Prados-Roman, C. et al. Iodine oxide in the global marine boundary layer. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 15, 583–593 (2015). · DOI
  19. Ziska, F., Quack, B., Tegtmeier, S., Stemmler, I. & Krüger, K. Future emissions of marine halogenated very-short lived substances under climate change. J. Atmos. Chem. 74, 245–260 (2017). · DOI
  20. Hossaini, R. et al. The increasing threat to stratospheric ozone from dichloromethane. Nat. Commun. 8, 15962 (2017). · DOI
  21. Breider, T. J., Chipperfield, M. P., Mann, G. W., Woodhouse, M. T. & Carslaw, K. S. Suppression of CCN formation by bromine chemistry in the remote marine atmosphere. Atmos. Sci. Lett. 16, 141–147 (2015). · DOI
  22. O’Dowd, C. D. et al. A dedicated study of New Particle Formation and Fate in the Coastal Environment (PARFORCE): overview of objectives and achievements. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 107, 8108 (2002). · DOI
  23. Sipilä, M. et al. Molecular-scale evidence of aerosol particle formation via sequential addition of HIO3. Nature 537, 532–534 (2016). · DOI
  24. Gómez Martín, J. C. et al. A gas-to-particle conversion mechanism helps to explain atmospheric particle formation through clustering of iodine oxides. Nat. Commun. 11, 4521 (2020). · DOI
  25. Ordóñez, C. et al. Bromine and iodine chemistry in a global chemistry–climate model: description and evaluation of very short-lived oceanic sources. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 12, 1423–1447 (2012). · DOI
  26. Saiz-Lopez, A. et al. Estimating the climate significance of halogen-driven ozone loss in the tropical marine troposphere. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 12, 3939–3949 (2012). · DOI
  27. Hossaini, R. et al. Efficiency of short-lived halogens at influencing climate through depletion of stratospheric ozone. Nat. Geosci. 8, 186–190 (2015). · DOI
  28. Sherwen, T. et al. Global impacts of tropospheric halogens (Cl, Br, I) on oxidants and composition in GEOS-Chem. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 16, 12239–12271 (2016). · DOI
  29. Saiz-Lopez, A. et al. Iodine chemistry in the troposphere and its effect on ozone. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 14, 13119–13143 (2014). · DOI
  30. Stone, D. et al. Impacts of bromine and iodine chemistry on tropospheric OH and HO2: comparing observations with box and global model perspectives. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 18, 3541–3561 (2018). · DOI
  31. Forster, P. et al. in Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis (eds Masson-Delmotte, V. et al.) 923–1054 (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2021).
  32. Szopa, S. et al. in Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis (eds Masson-Delmotte, V. et al.) 817–922 (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2021).
  33. Isaksen, I. S. A. et al. Atmospheric composition change: climate–chemistry interactions. Atmos. Environ. 43, 5138–5192 (2009). · DOI
  34. Myhre, G. et al. in Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis Ch. 8 (eds Stocker, T. F. et al.) 659–740 (Cambridge Univ. Press., 2013).
  35. Penner, J. E., Chen, Y., Wang, M. & Liu, X. Possible influence of anthropogenic aerosols on cirrus clouds and anthropogenic forcing. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 9, 879–896 (2009). · DOI
  36. Iglesias-Suarez, F. et al. Natural halogens buffer tropospheric ozone in a changing climate. Nat. Clim. Change 10, 147–154 (2020). · DOI
  37. Prados-Roman, C. et al. A negative feedback between anthropogenic ozone pollution and enhanced ocean emissions of iodine. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 15, 2215–2224 (2015). · DOI
  38. Li, Q. et al. Reactive halogens increase the global methane lifetime and radiative forcing in the 21st century. Nat. Commun. 13, 2768 (2022). · DOI
  39. Fernandez, R. P., Kinnison, D. E., Lamarque, J. F., Tilmes, S. & Saiz-Lopez, A. Impact of biogenic very short-lived bromine on the Antarctic ozone hole during the 21st century. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 17, 1673–1688 (2017). · DOI
  40. Sherwen, T., Evans, M. J., Carpenter, L. J., Schmidt, J. A. & Mickley, L. J. Halogen chemistry reduces tropospheric O3 radiative forcing. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 17, 1557–1569 (2017). · DOI
  41. Li, Q. et al. Halogens enhance haze pollution in China. Environ. Sci. Technol. 55, 13625–13637 (2021). · DOI
  42. Baccarini, A. et al. Frequent new particle formation over the high Arctic pack ice by enhanced iodine emissions. Nat. Commun. 11, 4924 (2020). · DOI
  43. Hoffmann, E. H., Tilgner, A., Vogelsberg, U., Wolke, R. & Herrmann, H. Near-explicit multiphase modeling of halogen chemistry in a mixed urban and maritime coastal area. ACS Earth Space Chem. 3, 2452–2471 (2019). · DOI
  44. Cuevas, C. A. et al. The influence of iodine on the Antarctic stratospheric ozone hole. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 119, e2110864119 (2022). · DOI
  45. Cohen, J. et al. Recent Arctic amplification and extreme mid-latitude weather. Nat. Geosci. 7, 627–637 (2014). · DOI
  46. Lannuzel, D. et al. The future of Arctic sea-ice biogeochemistry and ice-associated ecosystems. Nat. Clim. Change 10, 983–992 (2020). · DOI
  47. Carpenter, L. J. et al. Atmospheric iodine levels influenced by sea surface emissions of inorganic iodine. Nat. Geosci. 6, 108–111 (2013). · DOI
  48. Kok, J. F. et al. Mineral dust aerosol impacts on global climate and climate change. Nat. Rev. Earth Environ. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-022-00379-5 (2023). · DOI
  49. Tilmes, S. et al. Representation of the Community Earth System Model (CESM1) CAM4-chem within the Chemistry–Climate Model Initiative (CCMI). Geosci. Model Dev. 9, 1853–1890 (2016). · DOI
  50. Lamarque, J.-F. et al. CAM-chem: description and evaluation of interactive atmospheric chemistry in the Community Earth System Model. Geosci. Model Dev. 5, 369–411 (2012). · DOI
  51. Neale, R. B. et al. The mean climate of the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM4) in forced SST and fully coupled experiments. J. Clim. 26, 5150–5168 (2013). · DOI
  52. Tilmes, S. et al. Description and evaluation of tropospheric chemistry and aerosols in the Community Earth System Model (CESM1.2). Geosci. Model Dev. 8, 1395–1426 (2015). · DOI
  53. Fernandez, R. P., Salawitch, R. J., Kinnison, D. E., Lamarque, J.-F. & Saiz-Lopez, A. Bromine partitioning in the tropical tropopause layer: implications for stratospheric injection. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 14, 13391–13410 (2014). · DOI
  54. Saiz-Lopez, A. et al. Injection of iodine to the stratosphere. Geophys. Res. Lett. 42, 6852–6859 (2015). · DOI
  55. Fernandez, R. P. et al. Modeling the sources and chemistry of polar tropospheric halogens (Cl, Br, and I) using the CAM-Chem global chemistry–climate model. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst. 11, 2259–2289 (2019). · DOI
  56. Mahmud, A. & Barsanti, K. Improving the representation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in the MOZART-4 global chemical transport model. Geosci. Model Dev. 6, 961–980 (2013). · DOI
  57. Chen, Q., Sherwen, T., Evans, M. & Alexander, B. DMS oxidation and sulfur aerosol formation in the marine troposphere: a focus on reactive halogen and multiphase chemistry. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 18, 13617–13637 (2018). · DOI
  58. Liu, T. & Abbatt, J. P. D. An experimental assessment of the importance of S(IV) oxidation by hypohalous acids in the marine atmosphere. Geophys. Res. Lett. 47, e2019GL086465 (2020). · DOI
  59. Abbatt, J. P. D., Lee, A. K. Y. & Thornton, J. A. Quantifying trace gas uptake to tropospheric aerosol: recent advances and remaining challenges. Chem. Soc. Rev. 41, 6555–6581 (2012). · DOI
  60. Mahajan, A. S. et al. Measurement and modelling of tropospheric reactive halogen species over the tropical Atlantic Ocean. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10, 4611–4624 (2010). · DOI
  61. Badia, A. et al. The role of natural halogens in global tropospheric ozone chemistry and budget under different 21st century climate scenarios. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 126, e2021JD034859 (2021). · DOI · Paper page
  62. Hossaini, R. et al. A global model of tropospheric chlorine chemistry: organic versus inorganic sources and impact on methane oxidation. J. Geophys. Res. 121, 14271–14297 (2016). · DOI
  63. Wang, X. et al. The role of chlorine in global tropospheric chemistry. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 19, 3981–4003 (2019). · DOI
  64. Keene, W. C. et al. Composite global emissions of reactive chlorine from anthropogenic and natural sources: reactive chlorine emissions inventory. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 104, 8429–8440 (1999). · DOI
  65. MacDonald, S. M. et al. A laboratory characterisation of inorganic iodine emissions from the sea surface: dependence on oceanic variables and parameterisation for global modelling. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 14, 5841–5852 (2014). · DOI
  66. Claxton, T. et al. A synthesis inversion to constrain global emissions of two very short lived chlorocarbons: dichloromethane, and perchloroethylene. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 125, e2019JD031818 (2020). · DOI
  67. Hossaini, R. et al. Recent trends in stratospheric chlorine from very short-lived substances. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 124, 2318–2335 (2019). · DOI
  68. Hegglin, M. I. et al. IGAC/SPARC Chemistry–Climate Model Initiative (CCMI) 2014 Science Workshop. SPARC Newsl. 43, 32–35 (2014).
  69. Granier, C. et al. Evolution of anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions of air pollutants at global and regional scales during the 1980–2010 period. Climatic Change 109, 163 (2011). · DOI
  70. Guenther, A. B. et al. The Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature version 2.1 (MEGAN2.1): an extended and updated framework for modeling biogenic emissions. Geosci. Model Dev. 5, 1471–1492 (2012). · DOI
  71. Meinshausen, M. et al. The RCP greenhouse gas concentrations and their extensions from 1765 to 2300. Climatic Change 109, 213 (2011). · DOI
  72. van Vuuren, D. P. et al. The representative concentration pathways: an overview. Climatic Change 109, 5 (2011). · DOI · Paper page
  73. Barrera, J. A. et al. Seasonal impact of biogenic very short-lived bromocarbons on lowermost stratospheric ozone between 60°N and 60°S during the 21st century. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 20, 8083–8102 (2020). · DOI
  74. Iacono, M. J. et al. Radiative forcing by long-lived greenhouse gases: calculations with the AER radiative transfer models. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 113, D13103 (2008). · DOI
  75. Danabasoglu, G. et al. The Community Earth System Model Version 2 (CESM2). J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst. 12, e2019MS001916 (2020). · DOI
  76. Lacis, A. A., Hansen, J. E., Russell, G. L., Oinas, V. & Jonas, J. The role of long-lived greenhouse gases as principal LW control knob that governs the global surface temperature for past and future climate change. Tellus B 65, 19734 (2013). · DOI
  77. Wild, M. The global energy balance as represented in CMIP6 climate models. Clim. Dyn. 55, 553–577 (2020). · DOI
  78. Schmidt, G. A., Ruedy, R. A., Miller, R. L. & Lacis, A. A. Attribution of the present-day total greenhouse effect. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 115, D20106 (2010). · DOI
  79. Fu, X. et al. Anthropogenic emissions of hydrogen chloride and fine particulate chloride in China. Environ. Sci. Technol. 52, 1644–1654 (2018). · DOI
  80. Vassilev, S. V., Eskenazy, G. M. & Vassileva, C. G. Contents, modes of occurrence and behaviour of chlorine and bromine in combustion wastes from coal-fired power stations. Fuel 79, 923–938 (2000). · DOI
  81. Yudovich, Y. E. & Ketris, M. P. Chlorine in coal: a review. Int. J. Coal Geol. 67, 127–144 (2006). · DOI
  82. Ma, Q. et al. Impacts of coal burning on ambient PM2.5 pollution in China. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 17, 4477–4491 (2017). · DOI
  83. Wang, S. X. et al. Emission trends and mitigation options for air pollutants in East Asia. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 14, 6571–6603 (2014). · DOI
  84. Zhao, B. et al. Impact of national NOx and SO2 control policies on particulate matter pollution in China. Atmos. Environ. 77, 453–463 (2013). · DOI
  85. Jin, Y., Tao, L., Chi, Y. & Yan, J. Conversion of bromine during thermal decomposition of printed circuit boards at high temperature. J. Hazard. Mater. 186, 707–712 (2011). · DOI
  86. Peng, B.-X., Li, L. & Wu, D.-S. Distribution of bromine and iodine in thermal power plant. J. Coal Sci. Eng. 19, 387–391 (2013). · DOI
  87. Li, Q. et al. Potential effect of halogens on atmospheric oxidation and air quality in China. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 125, e2019JD032058 (2020). · DOI
  88. Fernandez, R. P. et al. Intercomparison between surrogate, explicit, and full treatments of VSL bromine chemistry within the CAM-Chem chemistry–climate model. Geophys. Res. Lett. 48, e2020GL091125 (2021). · DOI
  89. Riese, M. et al. Impact of uncertainties in atmospheric mixing on simulated UTLS composition and related radiative effects. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 117, D16305 (2012). · DOI
  90. Wu, Y. & Polvani, L. M. Recent trends in extreme precipitation and temperature over southeastern South America: the dominant role of stratospheric ozone depletion in the CESM large ensemble. J. Clim. 30, 6433–6441 (2017). · DOI
  91. Saiz-Lopez, A. & Fernandez, R. P. On the formation of tropical rings of atomic halogens: causes and implications. Geophys. Res. Lett. 43, 2928–2935 (2016). · DOI
  92. Frith, S. M. et al. Recent changes in total column ozone based on the SBUV Version 8.6 merged ozone data set. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 119, 9735–9751 (2014). · DOI
  93. Frith, S. M., Stolarski, R. S., Kramarova, N. A. & McPeters, R. D. Estimating uncertainties in the SBUV version 8.6 merged profile ozone data set. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 17, 14695–14707 (2017). · DOI
  94. Li, Q. et al. Role of iodine recycling on sea-salt aerosols in the global marine boundary layer. Geophys. Res. Lett. 49, e2021GL097567 (2022). · DOI
  95. Etminan, M., Myhre, G., Highwood, E. J. & Shine, K. P. Radiative forcing of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide: a significant revision of the methane radiative forcing. Geophys. Res. Lett. 43, 12,612–614,623 (2016). · DOI · Paper page
  96. Etheridge, D. M., Steele, L. P., Francey, R. J. & Langenfelds, R. L. Atmospheric methane between 1000 A.D. and present: evidence of anthropogenic emissions and climatic variability. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 103, 15979–15993 (1998). · DOI
  97. Mickley, L. J., Jacob, D. J. & Rind, D. Uncertainty in preindustrial abundance of tropospheric ozone: implications for radiative forcing calculations. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 106, 3389–3399 (2001). · DOI
  98. Lan, X., Thoning, K. W. & Dlugokencky, E. J. Trends in globally-averaged CH4, N2O, and SF6 determined from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory measurements. Version 2022-12. Global Monitoring Laboratory https://doi.org/10.15138/P8XG-AA10 (2022). · DOI
  99. Gaudel, A. et al. Tropospheric Ozone Assessment Report: present-day distribution and trends of tropospheric ozone relevant to climate and global atmospheric chemistry model evaluation. Elem. Sci. Anthr. 6, 39 (2018). · DOI
  100. Lamarque, J.-F. et al. The Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Model Intercomparison Project (ACCMIP): overview and description of models, simulations and climate diagnostics. Geosci. Model Dev. 6, 179–206 (2013). · DOI
  101. Graedel, T. E. & Keene, W. C. Tropospheric budget of reactive chlorine. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 9, 47–77 (1995). · DOI
  102. Parrella, J. P. et al. Tropospheric bromine chemistry: implications for present and pre-industrial ozone and mercury. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 12, 6723–6740 (2012). · DOI
  103. Schmidt, J. A. et al. Modeling the observed tropospheric BrO background: importance of multiphase chemistry and implications for ozone, OH, and mercury. J. Geophys. Res. 121, 11819–11835 (2016). · DOI
  104. Yang, X. et al. Tropospheric bromine chemistry and its impacts on ozone: a model study. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 110, D23311 (2005). · DOI
  105. Koenig, T. K. et al. BrO and inferred Bry profiles over the western Pacific: relevance of inorganic bromine sources and a Bry minimum in the aged tropical tropopause layer. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 17, 15245–15270 (2017). · DOI
  106. Karagodin-Doyennel, A. et al. Iodine chemistry in the chemistry–climate model SOCOL-AERv2-I. Geosci. Model Dev. 14, 6623–6645 (2021). · DOI
  107. Claxton, T., Hossaini, R., Wild, O., Chipperfield, M. P. & Wilson, C. On the regional and seasonal ozone depletion potential of chlorinated very short-lived substances. Geophys. Res. Lett. 46, 5489–5498 (2019). · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Metadata

Authors
Saiz-Lopez, A., Fernandez, R. P., Li, Q., Cuevas, C. A., Fu, X., Kinnison, D. E., Tilmes, S., Mahajan, A. S., Gómez Martín, J. C., Iglesias-Suarez, F., Hossaini, R., Plane, J. M. C., Myhre, G., & Lamarque, J.-F.
Affiliations
  • Hong Kong Polytechnic University (HK)
  • Instituto de Química Física Blas Cabrera (ES)
  • Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School (CN)
  • NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research (US)
  • Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IN)
  • Lancaster University (GB)
  • University of Leeds (GB)
  • CICERO Center for International Climate Research (NO)
ORCID
Venue
Nature
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2023-06-28
Volume
618
Issue
7967
Pages
967-973
ISSN
  • 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
  • 1476-4687
DOI
10.1038/s41586-023-06119-z
PMC
PMC10307623
OpenAlex
W4382358386
Cited by
91
References
3
Citations by year
2026: 24 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 5
FWCI
10.05
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Nature (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (acceptedVersion)
  • elib (German Aerospace Center) (submittedVersion)
  • RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
  • DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University) (submittedVersion)
  • PolyU Institutional Research Archive (Hong Kong Polytechnic University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
Natural Environment Research Council (NE/N014375/1)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Atmospheric Ozone and Climate
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Atmospheric aerosols and clouds
Keywords
indirect radiative effect, ozone depletion, methane, aerosols, stratospheric water vapor, radiation balance, climate change projections
MeSH terms
Climate Models, Atmosphere, Climate, Cold Temperature, Halogens, Human Activities, Hydrocarbons, Halogenated, Oceans and Seas, Seawater, Climate Change

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review