Transposon-encoded nucleases use guide RNAs to promote their selfish spread
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
Insertion sequences are compact and pervasive transposable elements found in bacteria, which encode only the genes necessary for their mobilization and maintenance 1. IS200- and IS605-family transposons undergo 'peel-and-paste' transposition catalysed by a TnpA transposase 2, but they also encode diverse, TnpB- and IscB-family proteins that are evolutionarily related to the CRISPR-associated effectors Cas12 and Cas9, respectively 3,4. Recent studies have demonstrated that TnpB and IscB function as RNA-guided DNA endonucleases 5,6, but the broader biological role of this activity has remained enigmatic. Here we show that TnpB and IscB are essential to prevent permanent transposon loss as a consequence of the TnpA transposition mechanism. We selected a family of related insertion sequences from Geobacillus stearothermophilus that encode several TnpB and IscB orthologues, and showed that a single TnpA transposase was broadly active for transposon mobilization. The donor joints formed upon religation of transposon-flanking sequences were efficiently targeted for cleavage by RNA-guided TnpB and IscB nucleases, and co-expression of TnpB and TnpA led to substantially greater transposon retention relative to conditions in which TnpA was expressed alone. Notably, TnpA and TnpB also stimulated recombination frequencies, surpassing rates observed with TnpB alone. Collectively, this study reveals that RNA-guided DNA cleavage arose as a primal biochemical activity to bias the selfish inheritance and spread of transposable elements, which was later co-opted during the evolution of CRISPR-Cas adaptive immunity for antiviral defence.
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The IS200/IS605 family spreads through peel-and-paste transposition catalyzed by homodimeric TnpA interacting with terminal hairpins at the left and right ends of the element.
“The IS200/IS605 family of MGEs spreads through “peel-and-paste” transposition catalyzed by the homodimeric transposase TnpA interacting with terminal hairpins at the left end (LE) and right end (RE) of the element.”
From Sequence modeling and design from molecular to genome scale with Evo (2024) · cites this paper as [66]
In “TnpA catalyses transposon excision and integration” (page unavailable), the paper describes a peel-out-paste-in mechanism, TnpA recognition of DNA hairpins, and LE and RE stem-loop structures required for excision and integration. Our copy does not state that TnpA is homodimeric, so that detail is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIS605 elements contain an RNA-guided TnpB nuclease and a cognate ωRNA that bias selfish inheritance of the transposable element.
“IS605 elements additionally contain an RNA-guided TnpB nuclease and a cognate ωRNA that bias the selfish inheritance of the transposable element (Fig. 4A) (66–69).”
From Sequence modeling and design from molecular to genome scale with Evo (2024) · cites this paper as [66]
The Discussion states that RNA-guided nucleases in IS200/IS605-family transposons promote their retention and spread, and the paper identifies TnpB’s guide as a transposon-encoded ωRNA. But it says these elements *often* carry tnpB or iscB, not that all IS605 elements contain TnpB and a cognate ωRNA. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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“ChIP–seq data analyses were generally performed as described previously 69 .”
MethodSelf-citationISDra 2 transposition in D einococcus radiodurans is downregulated by TnpB
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Template-switching during replication fork repair in bacteria
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Horizontal Transfer and Evolution of Prokaryote Transposable Elements in Eukaryotes
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A proposed mechanism for IS607-family serine transposases
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Gene therapy vectors: the prospects and potentials of the cut-and-paste transposons
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The transposon-encoded protein TnpB processes its own mRNA into ωRNA for guided nuclease activity
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“By contrast, TnpB-specific ωRNAs are processed from the TnpB mRNA transcribed within the transposon itself 31,32 and, thus, TnpB-containing IS elements do not exhibit appreciable orientation bias with respect to neighbouring genes (Extended Data Fig.”
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Recruitment of Mobile Genetic Elements for Diverse Cellular Functions in Prokaryotes
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Single strand transposition at the host replication fork
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“Yet, rather than being recognized exclusively through protein–DNA recognition, these motifs form non-canonical base-pairing interactions with a DNA ‘guide’ sequence located in the sub-terminal ends of the IS element 34–36 (Fig.”
BackgroundTourasse, N. J., Stabell, F. B., & Kolstø, A. (2014) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gku939 · Cited by 13 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Of note, IS200/IS605-family elements themselves are sometimes encompassed within group I introns 45 , highlighting the diversity of these elements and their associated gene products.”
BackgroundIbrahim, A. G. A. E.-R., Vêncio, R. Z. N., Lorenzetti, A. P. R., & Koide, T. (2021) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes12071018 · Cited by 9 · cited 2× · see citing works
“By contrast, TnpB-specific ωRNAs are processed from the TnpB mRNA transcribed within the transposon itself 31,32 and, thus, TnpB-containing IS elements do not exhibit appreciable orientation bias with respect to neighbouring genes (Extended Data Fig.”
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Past, present, and future of CRISPR genome editing technologies
Pacesa, M., Pelea, O., & Jinek, M. (2024) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2024.01.042 · Cited by 609 · see citing works
“292 Both IscB and TnpB nucleases have been demonstrated to mediate programmable genome editing in human cells.”
BackgroundSequence modeling and design from molecular to genome scale with Evo
Nguyen, E., Poli, M., Durrant, M. G., Kang, B., Katrekar, D., Li, D. B., Bartie, L. J., Thomas, A. W., King, S. H., Brixi, G., et al. (2024) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.ado9336 · Cited by 580 · see citing works
“4A) ( 66 – 69 ).”
Fanzor is a eukaryotic programmable RNA-guided endonuclease
Saito, M., Xu, P., Faure, G., Maguire, S., Kannan, S., Altae-Tran, H., Vo, C.-D.-T., Desimone, A., Macrae, R. K., & Zhang, F. (2023) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06356-2 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Discovery of Diverse CRISPR-Cas Systems and Expansion of the Genome Engineering Toolbox
Koonin, E. V., Gootenberg, J. S., & Abudayyeh, O. O. (2023) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.biochem.3c00159 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Viral delivery of an RNA-guided genome editor for transgene-free germline editing in Arabidopsis
Weiss, T. J., Kamalu, M., Shi, H., Li, Z., Amerasekera, J., Zhong, Z., Adler, B. A., Song, M. M., Vohra, K., Wirnowski, G., et al. (2025) · Nature Plants · doi:10.1038/s41477-025-01989-9 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“To overcome this cargo size limit, we explored the potential of TnpB, a class of ultracompact RNA-guided endonucleases (~400 amino acids) 16–18 , to be encoded in a plant RNA viral vector.”
Diversity, evolution, and classification of the RNA-guided nucleases TnpB and Cas12
Altae-Tran, H., Shmakov, S., Makarova, K. S., Wolf, Y. I., Kannan, S., Zhang, F., & Koonin, E. V. (2023) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2308224120 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Xu, W., Zhang, S., Qin, H., & Yao, K. (2024) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-024-05957-3 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Programmable RNA-guided DNA endonucleases are widespread in eukaryotes and their viruses
Jiang, K., Lim, J., Sgrizzi, S., Trinh, M., Kayabolen, A., Yutin, N., Bao, W., Kato, K., Koonin, E. V., Gootenberg, J. S., et al. (2023) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adk0171 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
De novo gene synthesis by an antiviral reverse transcriptase
Tang, S., Conte, V., Zhang, D. J., Žedaveinytė, R., Lampe, G. D., Wiegand, T., Tang, L. C., Wang, M., Walker, M. W. G., George, J. T., et al. (2024) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.adq0876 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“And in bacteria, recurrent exaptation of transposon-encoded genes enabled the emergence of CRISPR-Cas systems, which exploit guide RNA molecules to recognize and cleave foreign targets during nucleic acid – based adaptive antiviral immunity ( 7 – 9 ).”
BackgroundSelf-citationBiology and applications of CRISPR–Cas12 and transposon-associated homologs
Wu, W. Y., Adiego-Pérez, B., & John van der, O. O. S. T. (2024) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41587-024-02485-9 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“This clustering has most likely allowed for the subsequent evolution from a transposon-associated role 31 to a CRISPR-associated role as a Cas effector.”
Eukaryotic RNA-guided endonucleases evolved from a unique clade of bacterial enzymes
Yoon, P. H., Skopintsev, P., Shi, H., Chen, L.-X., Adler, B. A., Al-Shimary, M. J., Craig, R. J., Loi, K. J., DeTurk, E. C., Li, Z., et al. (2023) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkad1053 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“New HMMs were built from these augmented alignments and another round of search was conducted as described above.”
MethodTnpB homologues exapted from transposons are RNA-guided transcription factors
Wiegand, T., Hoffmann, F. T., Walker, M. W. G., Tang, S., Richard, E., Le, H. C., Meers, C., & Sternberg, S. H. (2024) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07598-4 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“TnpB nucleases, like Cas12 nucleases, exhibit a catalytic motif consisting of three acidic residues (DED), and mutating any residue in this motif abolishes nuclease activity 2,3,37 .”
InfluentialSelf-citationAssessing and engineering the IscB–ωRNA system for programmed genome editing
Yan, H., Tan, X., Zou, S., Sun, Y., Ke, A., & Tang, W. (2024) · Nature Chemical Biology · doi:10.1038/s41589-024-01669-3 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“The ωRNA-guided nucleases in transposable elements are not held to the same standard; they only need to mediate occasional site-specific homing or transposition 3,50 .”
Yu, Z., Liu, Z., Sun, L., Dong, C., Yan, J., Hu, B., & Cheng, D. (2024) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172115 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Genome editing in plants using the TnpB transposase system
Li, Q., Wang, Y., Hou, Z., Zong, H., Wang, X., Zhang, Y. E., Wang, H., Chen, H., Wang, W., & Duan, K. (2024) · aBIOTECH · doi:10.1007/s42994-024-00172-6 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Deinococcus radio-durans ISDra2 TnpB (408 aa) (Karvelis et al. 2021; Meers et al. 2023) and OgeuIscB (496 aa), derived from the human gut metagenome (Schuler et al. 2022), have been engineered as RNA-guided DNA endonucleases for genome editing, along with retroelement-derived RNA (reRNA) and…”
MethodBadet, T., Tralamazza, S. M., Feurtey, A., & Croll, D. (2023) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkad1214 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Koonin, E. V., & Makarova, K. S. (2024) · BMC Biology · doi:10.1186/s12915-024-02090-x · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Discovery and structural mechanism of DNA endonucleases guided by RAGATH-18-derived RNAs
Ren, K., Zhou, F., Zhang, F., Yin, M., Zhu, Y., Wang, S., Chen, Y., Huang, T., Wu, Z., He, J., et al. (2024) · Cell Research · doi:10.1038/s41422-024-00952-1 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Engineering eukaryotic transposon-encoded Fanzor2 system for genome editing in mammals
Wei, Y., Gao, P., Pan, D., Li, G., Chen, Y., Li, S., Jiang, H., Yang, Y., Liu, Z., Liu, Z., et al. (2025) · Nature Chemical Biology · doi:10.1038/s41589-025-01902-7 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Jin, S., Zhu, Z., Li, Y., Zhang, S., Liu, Y., Li, D., Li, Y., Luo, Y., Cheng, Z., Zhao, K. T., et al. (2025) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2025.09.004 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Feng, X., Xu, R., Liao, J., Zhao, J., Zhang, B., Xu, X., Zhao, P., Wang, X., Yao, J., Wang, P., et al. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-47697-4 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“In addition, Geobacillus stearothermophilus TnpB showed varying levels of DNA interference on different target sequences fl anked by the same TAM 39 .”
Thornton, B. W., Weissman, R. F., Rodriguez, J. E., Tran, R. V., Duong, B. C., Terrace, C. I., Nagalakshmi, U., Austin, G., Groover, E. D., Wang, F. Z., et al. (2026) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41587-026-03059-7 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
DNA targeting by compact Cas9d and its resurrected ancestor
Ocampo, R. F., Bravo, J. P. K., Dangerfield, T. L., Nocedal, I., Jirde, S. A., Alexander, L. M., Thomas, N. C., Das, A., Nielson, S., Johnson, K. A., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-55573-4 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“As IscB was co-opted in bacterial adaptive immune systems 9 , the protein domains have increased in size while their guide RNA (sgRNA) has decreased 10 .”
CRISPR-enabled genetic logic circuits for biosensing
Wang, X., Gao, Y., Zhou, N., Yang, Z., Cooper, J. M., & Wang, B. (2025) · TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.trac.2025.118297 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Viral delivery of an RNA-guided genome editor for transgene-free germline editing in ArabidopsisPreprint
Weiss, T. J., Kamalu, M., Shi, H., Li, Z., Amerasekera, J., Zhong, Z., Adler, B. A., Song, M., Vohra, K., Wirnowski, G., et al. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.07.17.603964 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Antagonistic conflict between transposon-encoded introns and guide RNAs
Žedaveinytė, R., Meers, C., Le, H. C., Mortman, E. E., Tang, S., Lampe, G. D., Pesari, S. R., Gelsinger, D. R., Wiegand, T., & Sternberg, S. H. (2024) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.adm8189 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationRNA-guided genome engineering: paradigm shift towards transposons
Chang, C.-W., Truong, V. A., Pham, N. N., & Hu, Y. (2024) · Trends in biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.tibtech.2024.02.006 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
CRISPR beyond: harnessing compact RNA-guided endonucleases for enhanced genome editing
Wang, F., Ma, S., Zhang, S., Ji, Q., & Hu, C. (2024) · Science China Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11427-023-2566-8 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Mobilization of the transposon unfolds through a single-strand “ peel and paste ” mechanism (He et al., 2015; Meers et al., 2023; Tenjo-Castaño et al., 2023) (Figure 1B).”
Vaysset, H., Meers, C., Cury, J., Bernheim, A., & Sternberg, S. H. (2025) · Nature Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41564-024-01889-2 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationTelomeric transposons are pervasive in linear bacterial genomes
Hsieh, S.-C., Fülöp, M., Schargel, R. D., Petassi, M. T., Barábas, O., & Peters, J. E. (2025) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.adp1973 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Hussen, B. M., Abdullah, S. R., Khudhur, Z. O., Samsami, M., & Taheri, M. (2025) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.145088 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Mutational scanning of TnpB reveals latent activity for genome editingPreprint
Thornton, B. W., Weissman, R. F., Rodriguez, J. E., Tran, R. V., Duong, B. C., Terrace, C. I., Nagalakshmi, U., Austin, G., Groover, E. D., Wang, F. Z., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.02.11.637750 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Zhang, S., Chen, Z., Feng, L., Zhi, Z., Liu, Y., Zhang, M., Yue, H., Zhu, G., & Gao, F. (2024) · Forests · doi:10.3390/f15020395 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Strategies and mechanisms of precision genome engineering: From gene editing to genome writing
Huang, K., Tian, J., Zhao, W., Zhang, S., Xiang, L., Yang, M., Ls, L., Huang, Y., Zhang, N., Sun, L., et al. (2026) · iMetaOmics. · doi:10.1002/imo2.70115 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Exapted CRISPR–Cas12f homologues drive RNA-guided transcription
Hoffmann, F. T., Wiegand, T., Palmieri, A. I., Glass-Klaiber, J., Xiao, R., Tang, S., Le, H. C., Meers, C., Lampe, G. D., Chang, L., et al. (2026) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-026-10166-7 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“2i) 12,17,18,46 .”
Self-citationProgrammable RNA-guided endonucleases are widespread in eukaryotes and their virusesPreprint
Jiang, K., Lim, J., Sgrizzi, S. R., Trinh, M., Kayabölen, A., Yutin, N., Koonin, E. V., Abudayyeh, O. O., & Gootenberg, J. S. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.06.13.544871 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
From IscB to Cas9: Engineering and advances in the next generation of miniature gene editing tools
Zhou, C., Zhu, S., Luo, C., Wang, W., Fan, H.-Q., Gao, Y., Xu, X., Wang, Q., Yu, Y., & Xie, T. (2025) · Biotechnology Advances · doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2025.108743 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Temperate phages enhance bacterial host fitness via RNA-guided flagellar remodelling
Walker, M. W. G., Richard, E., Wiegand, T., Wang, J., Yang, Z., Casas-Ciniglio, A. A., Hoffmann, F. T., Shahnawaz, H., Gaudet, R. G., Arpaia, N., et al. (2026) · Nature Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41564-026-02355-x · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“6d), in contrast to the continuous coverage observed for other TnpB and TldR gRNAs 5,32 .”
Self-citationProbiotics: From natural to artificial
Liu, L.-H., Zhang, X., Huang, Y., Chen, R., Huang, J., Wang, S., Li, W., & Jiang, A. (2026) · Biotechnology Advances · doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2026.108916 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Keršys, M., Naina, R., Adomaitis, V. A., & Maskvytis, E. (2024) · Vilnius University Proceedings · doi:10.15388/proceedings.2024.46 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Fanzors, a family of eukaryotic RNA ‐guided DNA endonucleases
Jiang, K., Gootenberg, J. S., & Abudayyeh, O. O. (2025) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1002/1873-3468.70038 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Transposons disrupt genomic stability and trigger cancers
Dong, W., Li, M., Li, P., Hou, X. S., He, F., & Ji, S. (2025) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2025.1704405 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Chan, J., Truglio, M., Schardl, C. L., Cox, M. P., Young, C. A., & Ganley, A. R. D. (2025) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msaf076 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
TnpB: Transposon Retention Mechanisms as Potential Tools for Gene Editing
Shen, Q., Hao, Q., Xue, Y., & Zheng, Y. (2025) · Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology · doi:10.1134/s0003683825601088 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Molecular effects of transposable element sequences in mammalian cells
Wen, M., & Welch, J. D. (2025) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-025-03883-1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Fanzors: Mysterious TnpB-Like Bacterial Transposon-Related RNA-Guided DNA Nucleases of Eukaryotes
Karvelis, T., & Šikšnys, V. (2023) · The CRISPR Journal · doi:10.1089/crispr.2023.29164.tka · Cited by 2 · see citing works
TldR: TnpB’s evolutionary shift from transposon nucleases to RNA-guided transcriptional regulators
Mohanraju, P., & Wu, W. Y. (2024) · Trends in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.tim.2024.09.004 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
RNA-guided nucleases enable a gene drive of insertion sequences in plasmidsPreprint
Mears, K. S., Rossine, F. W., Quinones‐Olvera, N., Souque, C., Wiesenfeld, S. S., Jean, K. D. C., Pai, S. V., & Baym, M. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.02.20.638934 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Stepwise DNA unwinding gates TnpB genome-editing activityPreprint
Zhou, Z., Saffarian-Deemyad, I., Shi, H., Weiss, T. J., ur-Rehman, M. M., Vohra, K., Skopintsev, P., Yoon, P. H., Trinidad, M. I., Langeberg, C. J., et al. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.01.09.698545 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Expanding the genome editing toolbox with designer CRISPR–Cas-like transposons
(2024) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/s41592-024-02460-x · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Experimental strategy for characterization of novel TnpB orthologs
Druteika, G., Karvelis, T., & Šikšnys, V. (2025) · Methods in enzymology on CD-ROM/Methods in enzymology · doi:10.1016/bs.mie.2025.01.056 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Characterization of Aquatic Acinetobacter baumannii during the COVID-19 Outbreak in Wuhan, China
Mao, J., Wang, Q., Wang, X., Shi, S., Bai, Y., & Qu, J. (2025) · ACS ES&T Water · doi:10.1021/acsestwater.4c01278 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Structural visualization of the molecular evolution of CRISPR–Cas9
Nagahata, N., Kato, K., Yamada, S., Kannan, S., Okazaki, S., Isayama, Y., Hiraizumi, M., Yamashita, K., Koonin, E. V., Zhang, F., et al. (2026) · Nature Structural & Molecular Biology · doi:10.1038/s41594-025-01743-x · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“IscB then cleaves the excision site, enabling homologous recombination and thereby preventing the loss of the IS200/IS605 transposon in the original location 12 .”
Stepwise DNA-unwinding gates TnpB genome-editing activity
Zhou, Z., Saffarian-Deemyad, I., Shi, H., Weiss, T., ur-Rehman, M. M., Vohra, K., Skopintsev, P., Yoon, P. H., Trinidad, M. I., Langeberg, C. J., et al. (2026) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2026.07.015 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Temperate phages enhance host fitness via RNA-guided flagellar remodelingPreprint
Walker, M. W. G., Richard, E., Wiegand, T., Wang, J., Yang, Z., Casas-Ciniglio, A. A., Hoffmann, F. T., Shahnawaz, H., Gaudet, R. G., Arpaia, N., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.07.22.666180 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“6d ), in contrast to the continuous gRNA coverage observed for other TnpB and TldR homologs 5,32 .”
Self-citationGuo, Q., Shen, Q., Zhao, L., Zhou, X., Yan, S., Xue, Y., & Zheng, Y. (2026) · Biotechnology and Bioengineering · doi:10.1002/bit.70281
“…coverage extending from approximately 144 base pair (bp) upstream of the RE of the IS605 element into its flanking sequence, typically spanning 14‐17 bp (Figure 1D), a pattern widely observed for ωRNAs in other characterized TnpB systems (Feng et al. 2024; Karvelis et al. 2021; Meers et al. 2023).”
InfluentialIntelligent gene editing for stress tolerance in plants
Tilgam, J., Begam, S., Jayaswal, D., Jayaswall, K., Das, J., & Kumar, R. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-44079-3.00025-5
When Homing Endonuclease Meets Transposon: The OMEGA System
Kojima, K. K. (2026) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology15171491
“During transposition, TnpA excises the IS 200 /IS 605 family of IS elements as a single-stranded DNA intermediate and inserts it into a new genomic site [88].”
InfluentialProgrammable enzymes for targeted gene insertion
Lampe, G. D., King, R. T., & Sternberg, S. H. (2026) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41576-026-01002-9
Self-citationXiao, R., Casas-Ciniglio, A. A., Le, H. C., Wiegand, T., Xie, D., Chang, L., & Sternberg, S. H. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.09.22.753285
Self-citation
- Authors
- Meers, C., Le, H. C., Pesari, S. R., Hoffmann, F. T., Walker, M. W. G., Gezelle, J., Tang, S., & Sternberg, S. H.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University (US)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sternberg, Samuel H.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2023-09-27
- Volume
- 622
- Issue
- 7984
- Pages
- 863-871
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- PMC
- PMC11758364
- OpenAlex
- W4387095549
- Cited by
- 60
- References
- 87
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 8
- FWCI
- 5.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- National Institutes of Health
- Irving Medical Center, Columbia University
- National Human Genome Research Institute (DP2HG011650, RM1HG009490)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (F32GM143924, T32GM145440)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › CRISPR and Genetic Engineering
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Chromosomal and Genetic Variations
- Keywords
- insertion sequences, TnpB, RNA-guided DNA endonuclease, guide RNA, transposon mobility, Bacillus stearothermophilus
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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