The DOI matches its Crossref record; 43 of the 43 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Neuromodulation of lumbosacral spinal networks enables independent stepping after complete paraplegia
Abstract
Spinal sensorimotor networks that are functionally disconnected from the brain because of spinal cord injury (SCI) can be facilitated via epidural electrical stimulation (EES) to restore robust, coordinated motor activity in humans with paralysis 1-3. Previously, we reported a clinical case of complete sensorimotor paralysis of the lower extremities in which EES restored the ability to stand and the ability to control step-like activity while side-lying or suspended vertically in a body-weight support system (BWS)4. Since then, dynamic task-specific training in the presence of EES, termed multimodal rehabilitation (MMR), was performed for 43 weeks and resulted in bilateral stepping on a treadmill, independent from trainer assistance or BWS. Additionally, MMR enabled independent stepping over ground while using a front-wheeled walker with trainer assistance at the hips to maintain balance. Furthermore, MMR engaged sensorimotor networks to achieve dynamic performance of standing and stepping. To our knowledge, this is the first report of independent stepping enabled by task-specific training in the presence of EES by a human with complete loss of lower extremity sensorimotor function due to SCI.
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“This recovery has been documented in various independent studies, including in participants with complete sensorimotor paralysis5,6,30–34.”
From Walking naturally after spinal cord injury using a brain–spine interface (2023) · cites this paper as [33]
In the citing paper
“The delivery of epidural electrical stimulation over the lumbar spinal cord has enabled many individuals with spinal cord injury to regain adaptive control over the activity of otherwise paralysed muscles.”
From Walking naturally after spinal cord injury using a brain–spine interface (2023) · cites this paper as [33]
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Weight-supported treadmill vs over-ground training for walking after acute incomplete SCI
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“Epidural Spinal Cord Stimulation (eSCS) has been one of the most common applications and offers the ability to reinstate voluntary motor control in patients with (motor complete) SCI, with or without concomitant rehabilitation [4] – [6].”
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“However, in the last decade, clinical studies implementing epidural electrical stimulation of the lumbosacral spinal cord (scES) in individuals with complete paralysis from SCI resulted in the unprecedented proof of principle that recovery of motor function, even at a chronic stage, is potentially available (Harkema e…”
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“It is also unclear whether the current findings will ultimately generalize to individuals with SCI.”
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Spinal cord lesion characteristics and early standing ability with and without epidural stimulation
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High-Frequency Stimulation Does Not Improve Comfort of Transcutaneous Spinal Cord StimulationPreprint
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“…of the spinal cord can be used to treat chronic pain (Caylor et al., 2019; Shealy et al., 1967) and improve motor function after stroke and spinal cord injury (Angeli et al., 2018; Carhart et al., 2004; Gill et al., 2018; Harkema et al., 2011; Powell et al., 2022; Rowald et al., 2022).”
BackgroundElectrical stimulation helps paralysed people walk again — and now we know why
Lewis, D. (2022) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-022-03605-8 · Cited by 1
Spinal facilitation of descending motor inputPreprint
Taccola, G., Kissane, R. W. P., Culaclii, S., Apicella, R., Liu, W., Gad, P. N., Ichiyama, R. M., Chakrabarty, S., & Edgerton, V. R. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.06.30.547229 · Cited by 1
Self-citationBarone, D. G., Woodington, B. J., Jiang, L., Carnicer‐Lombarte, A., Güemes, A., Naegele, T. E., Hilton, S., Hadwe, S. E., Trivedi, R. A., & Malliaras, G. G. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3179147/v1 · Cited by 1
Rybak, I. A., Shevtsova, N. A., Markin, S. N., Prilutsky, B. I., & Frigon, A. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.98841.1 · Cited by 1
Zhao, G., Alho, E. J. L., Wei, P., Tang, Y., Liu, L., Zhu, L., Yang, Y., Zhang, Y.-Y., Shan, Y., Li, J., et al. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2025.11.28.25340891 · Cited by 2
Alashqar, A., Brihmat, N., Gemar, V., Hu, Z., Koh, S.-R., Diaz-Pier, S., de Freitas, R. M., Sasaki, A., Milosevic, M., Keesey, R., et al. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.01.22.701010 · Cited by 1
Fan, Y., Nuermaimaiti, M., Guo, H., Zhu, M., Ren, L., Aili, Y., Muertizha, M., Aierken, A., & Luo, K. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-9430045/v1 · Cited by 1
Three people with spinal-cord injuries regain control of their leg muscles
Warren, M. (2018) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-018-07251-x
Epidural Spinal Cord Stimulation Takes the Next Step
Brock, A. A., Mahan, M. A., & Rolston, J. D. (2018) · Neurosurgery · doi:10.1093/neuros/nyy623
A neuromodulation call to arms
Hagedorn, J. M. (2019) · Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine · doi:10.1136/rapm-2018-100286
Automatic signal and image-based assessments of spinal cord injury and treatments.
Mesbah, S. (2019) · ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository (University of Louisville) · doi:10.18297/etd/3174
Serotonergic Mechanisms in Locomotor Effects of Electrical Spinal Cord Stimulation
Sukhotina, I. A., & Moshonkina, T. R. (2019) · Human Physiology · doi:10.1134/s0362119719050189
Spinal cord stimulation for the recovery of function following spinal cord injury
Kissane, R. W. P., & Ichiyama, R. M. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818084-6.00013-1
Cervical Epidural Electrical Stimulation Restores Voluntary Arm Control In Paralyzed MonkeysPreprint
Capogrosso, M., Barra, B., Conti, S., Perich, M. G., Zhuang, K., Schiavone, G., Fallegger, F., Galan, K., James, N. D., Barraud, Q., et al. (2020) · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-123709/v1
Optimizing Neuroprosthetic Therapies via Autonomous Learning AgentsPreprint
Bonizzato, M., Côté, S. L., Massai, E., Hottin, R. G., Laferrière, S., Quessy, S., Lajoie, G., Martinez, M., & Dancause, N. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3925256
Katic, N., Balaguer, J.-M., Gorskii, O., Pavlova, N., Liang, L., Ho, J. C., Grigsby, E. M., Gerszten, P. C., Карал-оглы, Д. Д., Bulgin, D. V., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.11.19.469209
“The most overt applications are sensorimotor neuroprostheses where a clear relationship can be found between stimulation parameters and strength of elicited movements(3, 4, 6, 43) or evoked sensations(1, 44–47).”
BackgroundGCEP Attribute Monitoring System (GAMS)
Laughter, M. D., Kovacic, D. N., & Morgan, J. (2008) · OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)
Transient Vision Restoration Training Using a Unique Virtual Reality Platform in GlaucomaPreprint
Li, X. X., Chu, H., Li, Y., & Lu, Y. (2020) · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-24788/v1
Cho, N., Koljonen, P. A., & Burns, A. S. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819835-3.00018-6
Kachesova, A. A., Schurova, E. N., Прудникова, О. Г., Ерохин, А. Н., Зуфарович, Н. М., & Tertyshnaya, M. S. (2022) · Современные проблемы науки и образования · doi:10.17513/spno.31606
“шаговых движений при эпидуральной стимуляции спинного мозга, сочетающейся с двигательной тренировкой у пациентов с нижней параплегией [10].”
Huang, H., Feng, S., Dimitrijevic, M. R., Feng, Y., Young, W., Sun, T., Skaper, S. D., Chen, L., Moviglia, G. A., Saberi, H., et al. (2019) · Journal of Orthopaedic Translation · doi:10.1016/j.jot.2019.06.005
RetractedZhou, K., Yang, D., Wei, W., Zhang, H., Yang, W., Zhang, Y., Nie, Y., Hao, M., Zhang, T., Wang, S., et al. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.05.10.491346
Consecutive Transcutaneous and Epidural Spinal Cord Neuromodulation to Restore Complete ParalysisPreprint
Mukhametova, E., Militskova, A., Рамилевич, Б. А., Kharin, N. V., Семенова, Е. В., Александрович, С. О., Baltina, T., & Lavrov, I. A. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1671077/v1
Self-citationHybrid Robotics and Neuroprosthetics for Associative Neurorehabilitation
Barroso, F. O., Moreno, J. C., Torricelli, D., & Pons, J. L. (2022) · Handbook of Neuroengineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-2848-4_54-1
Treating spinal cord injury with implanted spinal cord stimulators
You, H., Zheng, Y., & Alam, M. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822498-4.00019-1
Kachesova, A. A., Щурова, Е. Н., Сайфутдинов, М. С., & Прудникова, О. Г. (2022) · Международная научно-практическая конференция «Актуальные проблемы науки и образования в условиях современных вызовов» · doi:10.37539/fipi327.2022.62.98.002
Invasive Neural Integration and Clinical Translation
Glass, C., & TUFFAHA, S. H. (2022) · Handbook of Neuroengineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-2848-4_131-1
Serotonergic Modulation of Spinal Circuitry Restores Motor Function after Chronic Spinal Cord InjuryPreprint
Walvekar, S., Robinson, R. B., Chadwick, H. M., Burch, R. M., Ding, H., Perlmutter, S. I., & Moorjani, S. G. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.10.04.510858
“Greater success has been achieved through hybrid approaches that combine usedependent rehabilitation with epidural electrical stimulation (15-26).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Gill, M. L., Grahn, P. J., Calvert, J. S., Linde, M. B., Lavrov, I. A., Strommen, J. A., Beck, L. A., Sayenko, D. G., Van Straaten, M. G., Drubach, D. I., Veith, D. D., Thoreson, A. R., Lopez, C., Gerasimenko, Y. P., Edgerton, V. R., Lee, K. H., & Zhao, K. D.
- Affiliations
- Mayo Clinic (US)
- Houston Methodist (US)
- Russian Academy of Sciences (RU)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lee, Kendall H.
- Zhao, Kristin D.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature Medicine
- Published
- 2018-09-24
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1677-1682
- ISSN
- 1078-8956 (ISSN-L)
- 1546-170X
- OpenAlex
- W2892074957
- Cited by
- 574
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 51 · 2025: 63 · 2024: 58 · 2023: 81 · 2022: 87 · 2021: 94 · 2020: 72 · 2019: 50 · 2018: 16
- FWCI
- 44.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2018-10-23)
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Nature
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Spinal Cord Injury Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Prosthetics and Rehabilitation Robotics
- Keywords
- spinal cord injury, complete paraplegia, epidural stimulation, multimodal rehabilitation, task-oriented training, body weight support, standing, paraplegia
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Electric Stimulation, Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation, Electromyography, Humans, Male, Motor Activity, Nerve Net, Paralysis, Paraplegia, Spinal Cord Injuries, Muscle, Skeletal
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