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Cited by 94Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and LipoproteinsDiabetes Management and ResearchDiabetes and associated disorders

Global variation in diabetes diagnosis and prevalence based on fasting glucose and hemoglobin A1c

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NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC), Zhou, Bin, Sheffer, Kate E., Bennett, James E., Gregg, Edward W., Danaei, Goodarz, Singleton, Rosie K., Shaw, Jonathan E. +771 more·2023·Nature Medicine
DOI 10.1038/s41591-023-02610-2PMC PMC10667106
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Abstract

Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) are both used to diagnose diabetes, but these measurements can identify different people as having diabetes. We used data from 117 population-based studies and quantified, in different world regions, the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes, and whether those who were previously undiagnosed and detected as having diabetes in survey screening, had elevated FPG, HbA1c or both. We developed prediction equations for estimating the probability that a person without previously diagnosed diabetes, and at a specific level of FPG, had elevated HbA1c, and vice versa. The age-standardized proportion of diabetes that was previously undiagnosed and detected in survey screening ranged from 30% in the high-income western region to 66% in south Asia. Among those with screen-detected diabetes with either test, the age-standardized proportion who had elevated levels of both FPG and HbA1c was 29–39% across regions; the remainder had discordant elevation of FPG or HbA1c. In most low- and middle-income regions, isolated elevated HbA1c was more common than isolated elevated FPG. In these regions, the use of FPG alone may delay diabetes diagnosis and underestimate diabetes prevalence. Our prediction equations help allocate finite resources for measuring HbA1c to reduce the global shortfall in diabetes diagnosis and surveillance.

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NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC), Zhou, B., Sheffer, K. E., Bennett, J. E., Gregg, E. W., Danaei, G., Singleton, R. K., Shaw, J. E., Mishra, A., Lhoste, V. P. F., Carrillo-Larco, R. M., Kengne, A. P., Phelps, N. H., Heap, R. A., Rayner, A. W., Stevens, G. A., Paciorek, C. J., Riley, L. M., Cowan, M. J., Savin, S., Vander Hoorn, S., Lu, Y., Pavkov, M. E., Imperatore, G., Aguilar-Salinas, C. A., Ahmad, N. A., Anjana, R. M., Davletov, K., Farzadfar, F., González-Villalpando, C., Khang, Y.-H., Kim, H. C., Laatikainen, T., Laxmaiah, A., Mbanya, J. C. N., Narayan, K. M. V., Ramachandran, A., Wade, A. N., Zdrojewski, T., Abbasi-Kangevari, M., Rahim, H. F. A., Abu-Rmeileh, N. M., Adambekov, S., Adams, R. J., Aekplakorn, W., Agdeppa, I. A., Aghazadeh-Attari, J., Agyemang, C., Ahmadi, A., Ahmadi, N., Ahmadi, N., Ahmed, S. H., Ajlouni, K., Al-Hinai, H., Al-Lahou, B., Al-Lawati, J. A., Asfoor, D. A., Al Qaoud, N. M., Alarouj, M., AlBuhairan, F., AlDhukair, S., Aldwairji, M. A., Ali, M. M., Alinezhad, F., Alkandari, A., Alomirah, H. F., Aly, E., Amarapurkar, D. N., Andersen, L. B., Anderssen, S. A., Andrade, D. S., Ansari-Moghaddam, A., Aounallah-Skhiri, H., Aris, T., Arlappa, N., Aryal, K. K., Assah, F. K., Assembekov, B., Auvinen, J., Avdičová, M., Azad, K., Azimi-Nezhad, M., Azizi, F., Bacopoulou, F., Balakrishna, N., Bamoshmoosh, M., Banach, M., Bandosz, P., Banegas, J. R., Barbagallo, C. M., Barceló, A., Baretić, M., Barrera, L., Basit, A., Batieha, A. M., Batista, A. P., Baur, L. A., Belavendra, A., Ben Romdhane, H., Benet, M., Berkinbayev, S., Bernabe-Ortiz, A., Berrios Carrasola, X., Bettiol, H., Beybey, A. F., Bhargava, S. K., Bika Lele, E. C., Bikbov, M. M., Bista, B., Bjerregaard, P., Bjertness, E., Bjertness, M. B., Björkelund, C., Bloch, K. V., Blokstra, A., Bo, S., Bobak, M., Boggia, J. G., Bonaccio, M., Bonilla-Vargas, A., Borghs, H., Bovet, P., Brajkovich, I., Brenner, H., Brewster, L. M., Brian, G. R., Briceño, Y., Brito, M., Bugge, A., Buntinx, F., Cabrera de León, A., Caixeta, R. B., Can, G., Cândido, A. P. C., Capanzana, M. V., Čapková, N., Capuano, E., Capuano, R., Capuano, V., Cardoso, V. C., Carlsson, A. C., Casanueva, F. F., Censi, L., Cervantes‐Loaiza, M., Chamnan, P., Chamukuttan, S., Chan, Q., Charchar, F. J., Chaturvedi, N., Chen, H., Cheraghian, B., Chirlaque, M.-D., Chudek, J., Cifkova, R., Cirillo, M., Claessens, F., Cohen, E., Concin, H., Cooper, C., Costanzo, S., Cowell, C., Crujeiras, A. B., Cruz, J. J., Cureau, F. V., Cuschieri, S., D’Arrigo, G., d’Orsi, E., Dallongeville, J., Damasceno, A., Dastgiri, S., De Curtis, A., de Gaetano, G., De Henauw, S., Deepa, M., DeGennaro, V., Demarest, S., Dennison, E., Deschamps, V., Dhimal, M., Dika, Z., Djalalinia, S., Donfrancesco, C., Dong, G., Dorobantu, M., Dörr, M., Dragano, N., Drygas, W., Du, Y., Duante, C. A., Duboz, P., Dushpanova, A., Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk, E., Ebrahimi, N., Eddie, R., Eftekhar, E., Efthymiou, V., Egbagbe, E. E., Eghtesad, S., El-Khateeb, M., El Ati, J., Eldemire-Shearer, D., Elosua, R., Enang, O., Erasmus, R. T., Erbel, R., Erem, C., Ergor, G., Eriksen, L., Eriksson, J. G., Esmaeili, A., Evans, R. G., Fakhradiyev, I., Fall, C. H., Faramarzi, E., Farjam, M., Farzi, Y., Fattahi, M. R., Fawwad, A., Felix-Redondo, F. J., Ferguson, T. S., Fernández-Bergés, D., Ferrari, M., Ferreccio, C., Ferreira, H. S., Ferrer, E., Feskens, E. J. M., Flood, D., Forsner, M., Fosse, S., Fottrell, E. F., Fouad, H. M., Francis, D. K., Frontera, G., Furusawa, T., Gaciong, Z., Garnett, S. P., Gasull, M., Gazzinelli, A., Gehring, U., Ghaderi, E., Ghamari, S.-H., Ghanbari, A., Ghasemi, E., Gheorghe-Fronea, O.-F., Ghimire, A., Gialluisi, A., Giampaoli, S., Gianfagna, F., Gill, T. K., Gironella, G., Giwercman, A., Goltzman, D., Gomula, A., Gonçalves, H., Gonçalves, M., Gonzalez-Chica, D. A., Gonzalez-Gross, M., González-Rivas, J. P., González-Villalpando, M.-E., Gonzalez, A. R., Gottrand, F., Grafnetter, D., Grodzicki, T., Grøntved, A., Guerrero, R., Gujral, U. P., Gupta, R., Gutierrez, L., Gwee, X., Haghshenas, R., Hakimi, H., Hambleton, I. R., Hamzeh, B., Hanekom, W. A., Hange, D., Hantunen, S., Hao, J., Hari Kumar, R., Harooni, J., Hashemi-Shahri, S. M., Hata, J., Heidemann, C., Henrique, R. D. S., Herrala, S., Herzig, K.-H., Heshmat, R., Ho, S. Y., Holdsworth, M., Homayounfar, R., Hopman, W. M., Horimoto, A. R. V. R., Hormiga, C., Horta, B. L., Houti, L., Howitt, C., Htay, T. T., Htet, A. S., Htike, M. M. T., Huerta, J. M., Huhtaniemi, I. T., Huisman, M., Husseini, A., Huybrechts, I., Iacoviello, L., Iakupova, E. M., Iannone, A. G., Ibrahim Wong, N., Ijoma, C., Irazola, V. E., Ishida, T., Isiguzo, G. C., Islam, S. M. S., Islek, D., Ittermann, T., Iwasaki, M., Jääskeläinen, T., Jacobs, J. M., Jaddou, H. Y., Jadoul, M., Jallow, B., James, K., Jamil, K. M., Janus, E., Jarvelin, M.-R., Jasienska, G., Jelaković, A., Jelaković, B., Jennings, G., Jha, A. K., Jimenez, R. O., Jöckel, K.-H., Jokelainen, J. J., Jonas, J. B., Joshi, P., Josipović, J., Joukar, F., Jóźwiak, J., Kafatos, A., Kajantie, E. O., Kalmatayeva, Z., Karki, K. B., Katibeh, M., Kauhanen, J., Kazakbaeva, G. M., Kaze, F. F., Ke, C., Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi, S., Kelishadi, R., Keramati, M., Kersting, M., Khader, Y. S., Khaledifar, A., Khalili, D., Kheiri, B., Kheradmand, M., Khosravi, A., Kiechl-Kohlendorfer, U., Kiechl, S. J., Kiechl, S., Kingston, A., Klakk, H., Klanova, J., Knoflach, M., Kolsteren, P., König, J., Korpelainen, R., Korrovits, P., Kos, J., Koskinen, S., Kowlessur, S., Koziel, S., Kriemler, S., Kristensen, P. L., Kromhout, D., Kubinova, R., Kujala, U. M., Kulimbet, M., Kurjata, P., Kyobutungi, C., La, Q. N., Labadarios, D., Lachat, C., Laid, Y., Lall, L., Lankila, T., Lanska, V., Lappas, G., Larijani, B., Latt, T. S., Laurenzi, M., Lehmann, N., Lehtimäki, T., Lemogoum, D., Leung, G. M., Li, Y., Lima-Costa, M. F., Lin, H.-H., Lind, L., Lissner, L., Liu, X., Lopez-Garcia, E., Lopez, T., Lozano, J. E., Luksiene, D., Lundqvist, A., Lunet, N., Lustigová, M., Machado-Coelho, G. L. L., Machado-Rodrigues, A. M., Macia, E., Macieira, L. M., Madar, A. A., Maestre, G. E., Maggi, S., Magliano, D. J., Magriplis, E., Mahasampath, G., Maire, B., Makdisse, M., Malekpour, M.-R., Malekzadeh, F., Malekzadeh, R., Mallikharjuna Rao, K., Malyutina, S., Maniego, L. V., Manios, Y., Mannix, M. I., Mansour-Ghanaei, F., Manzato, E., Margozzini, P., Mariño, J., Marques, L. P., Martorell, R., Mascarenhas, L. P., Masinaei, M., Mathiesen, E. B., Matsha, T. E., Mc Donald Posso, A. J., McFarlane, S. R., McGarvey, S. T., Mediene Benchekor, S., Mehlig, K., Mehrparvar, A. H., Melgarejo, J. D., Méndez, F., Menezes, A. M. B., Mereke, A., Meshram, I. I., Meto, D. T., Minderico, C. S., Mini, G. K., Miquel, J. F., Miranda, J. J., Mirjalili, M. R., Modesti, P. A., Moghaddam, S. S., Mohamed, M. K., Mohammad, K., Mohammadi, M. R., Mohammadi, Z., Mohammadifard, N., Mohammadpourhodki, R., Mohan, V., Mohd Yusoff, M. F., Mohebbi, I., Møller, N. C., Molnár, D., Momenan, A., Mondo, C. K., Montenegro Mendoza, R. A., Monterrubio-Flores, E., Moosazadeh, M., Moradpour, F., Morejon, A., Moreno, L. A., Morgan, K., Morin, S. N., Moslem, A., Mosquera, M., Mossakowska, M., Mostafa, A., Mostafavi, S.-A., Motlagh, M. E., Motta, J., Msyamboza, K. P., Mu, T. T., Muiesan, M. L., Mursu, J., Musa, K. I., Mustafa, N., Muyer, M. T. M. C., Nabipour, I., Nagel, G., Naidu, B. M., Najafi, F., Námešná, J., Nangia, V. B., Naseri, T., Neelapaichit, N., Nejatizadeh, A., Nenko, I., Nervi, F., Ng, T. P., Nguyen, C. T., Nguyen, Q. N., Ni, M. Y., Nie, P., Nieto-Martínez, R. E., Ninomiya, T., Noale, M., Noboa, O. A., Noto, D., Nsour, M. A., Nuhoğlu, I., O’Neill, T. W., Odili, A. N., Oh, K., Ohtsuka, R., Omar, M. A., Onat, A., Ong, S. K., Onodugo, O., Ordunez, P., Ornelas, R., Ortiz, P. J., Osmond, C., Ostovar, A., Otero, J. A., Ottendahl, C. B., Otu, A., Owusu-Dabo, E., Palmieri, L., Pan, W.-H., Panda-Jonas, S., Panza, F., Paoli, M., Park, S., Parsaeian, M., Patel, N. D., Pechlaner, R., Pećin, I., Pedro, J. M., Peixoto, S. V., Peltonen, M., Pereira, A. C., Pessôa dos Prazeres, T. M., Peykari, N., Phall, M. C., Pham, S. T., Phan, H. H., Pichardo, R. N., Pikhart, H., Pilav, A., Piler, P., Pitakaka, F., Piwonska, A., Pizarro, A. N., Plans-Rubió, P., Plata, S., Porta, M., Poudyal, A., Pourfarzi, F., Pourshams, A., Poustchi, H., Pradeepa, R., Providencia, R., Puder, J. J., Puhakka, S., Punab, M., Qorbani, M., Quintana, H. K., Quoc Bao, T., Rahimikazerooni, S., Raitakari, O., Ramirez-Zea, M., Ramke, J., Ramos, R., Rampal, L., Rampal, S., Rangel Reina, D. A., Rashidi, M.-M., Redon, J., Renner, J. D. P., Reuter, C. P., Revilla, L., Rezaei, N., Rezaianzadeh, A., Rigo, F., Roa, R. G., Robinson, L., Rodríguez-Artalejo, F., Rodriguez-Perez, M. D. C., Rodríguez-Villamizar, L. A., Rodríguez, A. Y., Roggenbuck, U., Rohloff, P., Romeo, E. L., Rosengren, A., Rubinstein, A., Rust, P., Rutkowski, M., Sabbaghi, H., Sachdev, H. S., Sadjadi, A., Safarpour, A. R., Safi, S., Safiri, S., Saghi, M. H., Saidi, O., Saki, N., Šalaj, S., Salanave, B., Salonen, J. T., Salvetti, M., Sánchez-Abanto, J., Santos, D. A., Santos, L. C., Santos, M. P., Santos, T. R., Saramies, J. L., Sardinha, L. B., Sarrafzadegan, N., Saum, K.-U., Sbaraini, M., Scazufca, M., Schaan, B. D., Scheidt-Nave, C., Schipf, S., Schmidt, C. O., Schöttker, B., Schramm, S., Sebert, S., Sedaghattalab, M., Sein, A. A., Sepanlou, S. G., Sewpaul, R., Shamah-Levy, T., Shamshirgaran, S. M., Sharafkhah, M., Sharma, S. K., Sharman, A., Shayanrad, A., Shayesteh, A. A., Shimizu-Furusawa, H., Shiri, R., Shrestha, N., Si-Ramlee, K., Silva, D. A. S., Simon, M., Simons, J., Simons, L. A., Sjöström, M., Slowikowska-Hilczer, J., Slusarczyk, P., Smeeth, L., Sobngwi, E., Söderberg, S., Soemantri, A., Sofat, R., Solfrizzi, V., Somi, M. H., Soumaré, A., Sousa-Poza, A., Sparrenberger, K., Staessen, J. A., Stavreski, B., Steene-Johannessen, J., Stehle, P., Stein, A. D., Stessman, J., Stokwiszewski, J., Stronks, K., Suarez-Ortegón, M. F., Suebsamran, P., Sundström, J., Suriyawongpaisal, P., Sylva, R. C., Szklo, M., Tamosiunas, A., Tarawneh, M. R., Tarqui-Mamani, C. B., Taylor, A., Taylor, J., Tello, T., Thankappan, K. R., Theobald, H., Theodoridis, X., Thomas, N., Thrift, A. G., Timmermans, E. J., Tjandrarini, D. H., Tolonen, H. K., Tolstrup, J. S., Tomaszewski, M., Topbas, M., Torres-Collado, L., Traissac, P., Triantafyllou, A., Tuitele, J., Tuliakova, A. M., Tulloch-Reid, M. K., Tuomainen, T.-P., Tzala, E., Tzourio, C., Ueda, P., Ugel, E., Ukoli, F. A. M., Ulmer, H., Uusitalo, H. M. T., Valdivia, G., van den Born, B.-J., Van der Heyden, J., Van Minh, H., van Rossem, L., Van Schoor, N. M., van Valkengoed, I. G. M., van Zutphen, E. M., Vanderschueren, D., Vanuzzo, D., Vasan, S. K., Vega, T., Velasquez-Melendez, G., Verstraeten, R., Viet, L., Villalpando, S., Vioque, J., Virtanen, J. K., Viswanathan, B., Voutilainen, A., Wan Bebakar, W. M., Wan Mohamud, W. N., Wang, C., Wang, N., Wang, Q., Wang, Y. X., Wang, Y.-W., Wannamethee, S. G., Webster-Kerr, K., Wedderkopp, N., Wei, W., Westbury, L. D., Whincup, P. H., Widhalm, K., Widyahening, I. S., Więcek, A., Wilks, R. J., Willeit, J., Willeit, P., Wilsgaard, T., Wojtyniak, B., Wong, A., Wong, E. B., Woodward, M., Wu, F. C., Xu, H., Xu, L., Yaacob, N. A., Yan, L., Yan, W., Yoosefi, M., Yoshihara, A., Younger-Coleman, N. O., Yu, Y.-L., Yu, Y., Yusoff, A. F., Zainuddin, A. A., Zamani, F., Zambon, S., Zampelas, A., Zaw, K. K., Zeljkovic Vrkic, T., Zeng, Y., Zhang, Z.-Y., Zholdin, B., Zimmet, P., Zitt, E., Zoghlami, N., Zuñiga Cisneros, J., & Ezzati, M.
Affiliations
  • Imperial College London (GB)
  • Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (IE)
  • Harvard University (US)
  • Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (AU)
  • Gates Foundation (US)
  • Emory University (US)
  • World Health Organization (CH)
  • University of California, Berkeley (US)
  • Yale University (US)
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
  • Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (MX)
  • Ministry of Health (MY)
  • Madras Diabetes Research Foundation (IN)
  • Kazakh National Medical University (KZ)
  • Tehran University of Medical Sciences (IR)
  • Seoul National University (KR)
  • Yonsei University (KR)
  • Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (FI)
  • National Institute of Nutrition (IN)
  • Université de Yaoundé I (CM)
  • India Diabetes Research Foundation (IN)
  • University of the Witwatersrand (ZA)
  • Gdańsk Medical University (PL)
  • Qatar University (QA)
  • Birzeit University (PS)
  • Al-Farabi Kazakh National University (KZ)
  • Flinders University (AU)
  • Mahidol University (TH)
  • Urmia University of Medical Sciences (IR)
  • University of Amsterdam (NL)
  • Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services (IR)
  • University of Oslo (NO)
  • National Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Genetic Diseases (JO)
  • Ministry of Health (OM)
  • Dasman Diabetes Institute (KW)
  • King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (SA)
  • Ministry of Health (KW)
  • Tabriz University of Medical Sciences (IR)
  • Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KW)
  • World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean (EG)
  • Bombay Hospital (IN)
  • Western Norway University of Applied Sciences (NO)
  • Norwegian School of Sport Sciences (NO)
  • University of Bergen (NO)
  • Oulu University Hospital (FI)
  • Public Health Authority of the Slovak Republic (SK)
  • Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences (IR)
  • National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (GR)
  • University of Science and Technology, Sana’a (YE)
  • Medical University of Lodz (PL)
  • Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (ES)
  • University of Palermo (IT)
  • University of Miami (US)
  • University Hospital Centre Zagreb (HR)
  • Universidad del Valle (CO)
  • Baqai Institute of Diabetology and Endocrinology (PK)
  • Jordan University of Science and Technology (JO)
  • Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (BR)
  • The University of Sydney (AU)
  • Universidade de São Paulo (BR)
  • Sunder Lal Jain Hospital (IN)
  • Ufa Eye Research Institute (RU)
  • Nepal Health Research Council (NP)
  • University of Southern Denmark (DK)
  • University of Gothenburg (SE)
  • National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (NL)
  • University of Turin (IT)
  • Universidad de la República de Uruguay (UY)
  • Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo (IT)
  • Costa Rican Department of Social Security (CR)
  • KU Leuven (BE)
  • Centre universitaire de médecine générale et santé publique, Lausanne (CH)
  • Universidad Central de Venezuela (VE)
  • German Cancer Research Center (DE)
  • Fred Hollows Foundation (AU)
  • Universidad de Los Andes (VE)
  • Universidade Politécnica de Lisboa (PT)
  • University College Copenhagen (DK)
  • World Health Organization Regional Office for the Americas (US)
  • Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa (TR)
  • Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (BR)
  • Food and Nutrition Research Institute (PH)
  • National Institute of Public Health (CZ)
  • Karolinska Institutet (SE)
  • Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (ES)
  • Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l’analisi dell’economia agraria (IT)
  • Sappasithiprasong Hospital (TH)
  • Federation University (AU)
  • University College London (GB)
  • Xiangtan University (CN)
  • Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences (IR)
  • Medical University of Silesia (PL)
  • Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
  • University of Southampton (GB)
  • Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (ES)
  • Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (BR)
  • University of Malta (MT)
  • National Research Council (IT)
  • Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (BR)
  • Institut Pasteur de Lille (FR)
  • Eduardo Mondlane University (MZ)
  • Innovating Health International (HT)
  • Sciensano (Belgium) (BE)
  • Ministry of Health and Medical Education (IR)
  • Istituto Superiore di Sanità (IT)
  • Universitätsmedizin Greifswald (DE)
  • Düsseldorf University Hospital (DE)
  • Uczelnia Łazarskiego (PL)
  • Robert Koch Institute (DE)
  • Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna (IT)
  • Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (IR)
  • Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences (IR)
  • University of Benin (NG)
  • University of Calabar (NG)
  • Stellenbosch University (ZA)
  • University of Duisburg-Essen (DE)
  • Karadeniz Technical University (TR)
  • University of Helsinki (FI)
  • Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences (IR)
  • Monash University (AU)
  • Fasa University of Medical Sciences (IR)
  • Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (IR)
  • Baqai Medical University (PK)
  • University of the West Indies (JM)
  • Universidade Federal de Alagoas (BR)
  • Wageningen University & Research (NL)
  • Umeå University (SE)
  • Hospital Universitario Son Espases (ES)
  • Kyoto University (JP)
  • Medical University of Warsaw (PL)
  • Utrecht University (NL)
  • Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences (IR)
  • Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy (RO)
  • B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences (NP)
  • University of Insubria (IT)
  • The University of Adelaide (AU)
  • Lund University (SE)
  • McGill University (CA)
  • Universidade Federal de Pelotas (BR)
  • Agostinho Neto University (AO)
  • Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo (DO)
  • Institute of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (CZ)
  • Jagiellonian University (PL)
  • Universidad Icesi (CO)
  • Eternal Hospital (IN)
  • National University of Singapore (SG)
  • University of the West Indies (BB)
  • Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (IR)
  • Africa Health Research Institute (ZA)
  • University of Eastern Finland (FI)
  • Capital Medical University (CN)
  • Yasuj University of Medical Sciences (IR)
  • Kyushu University (JP)
  • Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (BR)
  • University of Hong Kong (HK)
  • Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (IR)
  • Kingston Health Sciences Centre (CA)
  • Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga (CO)
  • Ministry of Health and Sports (MM)
  • Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
  • Centre international de recherche sur le cancer (FR)
  • University of Nigeria (NG)
  • Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria (AR)
  • The University of Tokyo (JP)
  • Federal Teaching Hospital Abakaliki (NG)
  • Deakin University (AU)
  • Hokkaido University (JP)
  • Hadassah Medical Center (IL)
  • UCLouvain (BE)
  • National Nutrition Agency (GM)
  • The University of Melbourne (AU)
  • University of Zagreb (HR)
  • National Heart Foundation of Australia (AU)
  • Universidad Eugenio María de Hostos (DO)
  • Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel (CH)
  • Guilan University of Medical Sciences (IR)
  • University of Crete (GR)
  • Maharajgunj Medical Campus (NP)
  • Aarhus University (DK)
  • University of Toronto (CA)
  • Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (IR)
  • Forschungsinstitut für Kinderernährung (DE)
  • Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences (IR)
  • Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences (IR)
  • Innsbruck Medical University (AT)
  • Newcastle University (GB)
  • University College South Denmark (DK)
  • Ghent University (BE)
  • University of Vienna (AT)
  • University of Oulu (FI)
  • Tartu University Hospital (EE)
  • University of Zurich (CH)
  • University of Groningen (NL)
  • University of Jyväskylä (FI)
  • African Population and Health Research Center (KE)
  • University of Limpopo (ZA)
  • Ministère de la Santé (DZ)
  • Oulu Deaconess Institute (FI)
  • Endocrine and Metabolism Research Center (IR)
  • University of Public Health Yangon (MM)
  • Tampere University (FI)
  • University of Douala (CM)
  • National Taiwan University (TW)
  • Uppsala University (SE)
  • Zhengzhou University (CN)
  • Universidade do Porto (PT)
  • Charles University (CZ)
  • Unidade Local de Saúde de Coimbra (PT)
  • The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley (US)
  • Agricultural University of Athens (GR)
  • Research Institute of Therapy and Preventive Medicine (RU)
  • University of Padua (IT)
  • Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (CL)
  • Governo de Santa Catarina (BR)
  • Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste (BR)
  • UiT The Arctic University of Norway (NO)
  • Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University (ZA)
  • Brown University (US)
  • Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny (CI)
  • University of Lisbon (PT)
  • Saveetha University (IN)
  • Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (PE)
  • University of Florence (IT)
  • Ain Shams University (EG)
  • Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center (IR)
  • University of Pecs (HU)
  • Mulago Hospital (UG)
  • Universidad de Zaragoza (ES)
  • Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences (IR)
  • Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (PA)
  • World Health Organization - Malawi (MW)
  • Department of Public Health (MM)
  • University of Brescia (IT)
  • Universiti Sains Malaysia (MY)
  • National University of Malaysia (MY)
  • University of Kinshasa (CD)
  • Bushehr University of Medical Sciences (IR)
  • Universität Ulm (DE)
  • Suraj Eye Institute (IN)
  • Hanoi Medical University (VN)
  • Xi'an Jiaotong University (CN)
  • University of Manchester (GB)
  • University of Abuja (NG)
  • Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KR)
  • Japan Wildlife Research Center (JP)
  • Istanbul University (TR)
  • Ministry of Health (BN)
  • Universidade da Madeira (PT)
  • Osteoporosis Research Center (IR)
  • Universidad De Santander (CO)
  • Academia Sinica (TW)
  • Gastroenterology Hospital "Saverio de Bellis" (IT)
  • Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Angola (AO)
  • Centro de Medicina Avanzada Dr. Abel Gonzalez (DO)
  • University of Sarajevo (BA)
  • Masaryk University (CZ)
  • Agència de Salut Pública de Catalunya (ES)
  • Hospital del Mar Research Institute (ES)
  • Ardabil University of Medical Sciences (IR)
  • Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CH)
  • Alborz University of Medical Sciences (IR)
  • University of Turku (FI)
  • University of Auckland (NZ)
  • Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol (ES)
  • Universiti Putra Malaysia (MY)
  • University of Malaya (MY)
  • Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul (BR)
  • Universidad de San Martín de Porres (PE)
  • Servicio Canario de la Salud (ES)
  • Universidad Industrial de Santander (CO)
  • Ministry of Health and Social Protection (CO)
  • Associazione Calabrese di Epatologia (IT)
  • Sahlgrenska University Hospital (SE)
  • Sitaram Bhartia Institute of Science and Research (IN)
  • Tunis El Manar University (TN)
  • Etelä-Karjalan sosiaali ja terveyspiiri (FI)
  • Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (BR)
  • Human Sciences Research Council (ZA)
  • Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences (IR)
  • Kazakhstan Academy of Preventive Medicine (KZ)
  • Teikyo University (JP)
  • Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FI)
  • St Vincent's Hospital Sydney (AU)
  • UNSW Sydney (AU)
  • London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (GB)
  • Diponegoro University (ID)
  • University of Bari Aldo Moro (IT)
  • Université de Bordeaux (FR)
  • University of Bonn (DE)
  • Narodowy Instytut Zdrowia Publicznego PZH – Państwowy Instytut Badawczy (PL)
  • Ubon Ratchathani University (TH)
  • Instituto Nacional de Estatística (CV)
  • Ministry of Health (JO)
  • Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre (IN)
  • Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (GR)
  • Christian Medical College, Vellore (IN)
  • University Medical Center Utrecht (NL)
  • National Research and Innovation Agency (ID)
  • Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado (VE)
  • Meharry Medical College (US)
  • University of Udine (IT)
  • Instituut voor Tropische Geneeskunde (BE)
  • Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (MX)
  • Ministry of Health (SC)
  • Beijing Tongren Hospital (CN)
  • Xinjiang Medical University (CN)
  • St George's, University of London (GB)
  • Medical University of Vienna (AT)
  • University of Indonesia (ID)
  • Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (CN)
  • Children's Hospital of Fudan University (CN)
  • Niigata University (JP)
  • South China Institute Of Environmental Sciences (CN)
  • Iran University of Medical Sciences (IR)
  • Duke University (US)
  • West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov State Medical University (KZ)
  • Institut National de Santé Publique (TN)
  • University of Ghana (GH)
Corresponding author
Ezzati, Majid
ORCID
Venue
Nature Medicine
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2023-11
Volume
29
Issue
11
Pages
2885-2901
ISSN
  • 1078-8956 (ISSN-L)
  • 1546-170X
DOI
10.1038/s41591-023-02610-2
PMC
PMC10667106
OpenAlex
W4388524098
Cited by
94
References
11
Citations by year
2026: 32 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 21
FWCI
19.17
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Nature Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
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  • University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
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  • UTUPub (University of Turku) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
  • ScholarWorks @ UTRGV (The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • FedUni ResearchOnline (Federation University Australia) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Arca - Repositório Institucional da Fiocruz (submittedVersion)
  • LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Digital Access to Libraries (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Repositorio Institucional (Universidad de Cuenca) (submittedVersion)
  • ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (submittedVersion)
  • Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja (submittedVersion)
  • IrInSubria (University of Insubria) (submittedVersion)
  • Institutional Research Information System (Università degli Studi di Brescia) (submittedVersion)
  • LillOA (Université de Lille (University Of Lille)) (submittedVersion)
  • Lithuanian University of Health Sciences (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
  • Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Rivm (National Institute for Public Health and the Environment) (submittedVersion)
  • Seoul National University Open Repository (Seoul National University) (submittedVersion)
  • University of Southern Denmark Research Portal (University of Southern Denmark) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Spiral (Imperial College London) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Tampere University Institutional Repository (Tampere University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • STM:n Hallinnonalan avoin julkaisuarkisto (Julkari) (submittedVersion)
  • Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
Funders
  • RCUK | Medical Research Council (MR/V034057/1)
  • UK Research and Innovation
  • Fellowship from the Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics, funded by a donation from Community Jameel, at Imperial College London
  • US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Diabetes and associated disorders
Keywords
diabetes diagnosis, diabetes prevalence, fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, undiagnosed diabetes, diabetes screening, prediction equations, low- and middle-income countries, global variation, diabetes surveillance
MeSH terms
Blood Glucose, Diabetes Mellitus, Fasting, Glucose, Glycated Hemoglobin, Humans, Prevalence

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