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Shared neural coding for social hierarchy and reward value in primate amygdala
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The social brain hypothesis posits that dedicated neural systems process social information. In support of this, neurophysiological data have shown that some brain regions are specialized for representing faces. It remains unknown, however, whether distinct anatomical substrates also represent more complex social variables, such as the hierarchical rank of individuals within a social group. Here we show that the primate amygdala encodes the hierarchical rank of individuals in the same neuronal ensembles that encode the rewards associated with nonsocial stimuli. By contrast, orbitofrontal and anterior cingulate cortices lack strong representations of hierarchical rank while still representing reward values. These results challenge the conventional view that dedicated neural systems process social information. Instead, information about hierarchical rank—which contributes to the assessment of the social value of individuals within a group—is linked in the amygdala to representations of rewards associated with nonsocial stimuli. New data reveal that the amygdala—a brain area specialized for emotion—also signals the hierarchical rank of peers in a social group. These neural signals likely mediate appropriate social and emotional behavior in many social settings.
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“Neurons that are sensitive to the rank of the individual being viewed in the social hierarchy are found not only in the macaque amygdala, but also in the closely connected OFC, and anterior cingulate cortex (Munuera et al., 2018).”
From The orbitofrontal cortex: reward, emotion and depression (2020) · cites this paper as Munuera et al., 2018
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“Previous studies showed that primate amygdala neurons signal changing values in individual and social learning contexts 1,2,9,12,16 – 18 , and code subjective values based on multiple attributes during immediate and longer-term economic choices 10,11,13,19 .”
Pettine, W. W., Louie, K., Murray, J. D., & Wang, X. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.01.28.923649 · Cited by 5
“…has recently arisen that takes into account the multiple brain areas implicated in decisions (Wunderlich, Rangel, and O’Doherty 2009; Peck, Lau, and Salzman 2013; Paton et al. 2006; Munuera, Rigotti, and Salzman 2018; Louie and Glimcher 2010; Chen and Stuphorn 2015; Steinmetz et al. 2019).”
BackgroundPrefrontal and Subcortical c-Fos Mapping of Reward Responses across Competitive and Social Contexts
Almeida, C. D. P. C., Cum, M., Illescas-Huerta, E., Chambers, A. R., Ye, C., Shah, A., Jain, A., Li, A., & Padilla-Coreano, N. (2025) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0158-25.2025 · Cited by 2
“Interestingly, a study in nonhuman primates demonstrated that BLA neurons that encode social rank overlap with those that encode reward (Munuera et al., 2018).”
Decision-Making with Predictions of Others’ Likely and Unlikely Choices in the Human Brain
Ma, N., Harasawa, N., Ueno, K., Cheng, K., & Nakahara, H. (2024) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2236-23.2024 · Cited by 3
Folloni, D., Roumazeilles, L., Bryant, K., Manger, P. R., Bertelsen, M. F., Khrapitchev, A. A., Rudebeck, P. H., & Mars, R. B. (2026) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0377-25.2026 · Cited by 3
Munuera, J. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Neuroscience · doi:10.1177/1179069518782459 · Cited by 3
Prefrontal–Amygdala Pathways for Object and Social Value Representation
Pujara, M. S., & Murray, E. A. (2024) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_02144 · Cited by 2
Can we tackle climate change by behavioral hacking of the dopaminergic system?
Munuera, J., & Burguière, E. (2022) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2022.996955 · Cited by 2
“Since the DA system has also been identified in social behavior encoding (Klein and Platt, 2013; Gunaydin et al., 2014; Munuera et al., 2018), using social strategies to curve climate change sounds like a valid approach.”
BackgroundNeuronal response of the primate striatum tail to face of socially familiar persons
Kunimatsu, J., Amita, H., & Hikosaka, O. (2024) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2024.110043 · Cited by 2
“44 In this study,weusedimagesof thefaces of individuals who had beencaringfor themonkeysdaily forover a year.”
Maladaptive learning and the amygdala—prefrontal circuit
Likhtik, E., & Paz, R. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813983-7.00021-5 · Cited by 2
Shared neural codes for eye-gaze and valencePreprint
Pryluk, R., Shohat, Y., Morozov, A., Friedman, D., Taub, A. H., & Paz, R. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/736462 · Cited by 2
Scheggia, D., Greca, F. L., Maltese, F., Carrano, N., Luca, M. D., & Papaleo, F. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-404701/v1 · Cited by 2
The role of the amygdala in processing social and affective touchPreprint
Gothard, K. M., & Fuglevand, A. J. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/un9gs · Cited by 2
“For example, in monkeys, the same neurons respond to the magnitude of rewards received and to the social status of familiar conspecifics [27] or to combinations of task-related vigilance, face identity, and reward amount [28].”
BackgroundHow Do Language-Specific Concepts Relate to Cognition?
Kemmerer, D. L. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190682620.003.0006 · Cited by 2
Czoty, P. W., Kawas, M. I., Madi, K. V., Barcus, R. A., Kim, J., Hudson, J. P., Galbo, L. K., Yuan, H., Daunais, J. B., & Whitlow, C. T. (2025) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhaf043 · Cited by 2
“To date, brain imaging studies in monkeys have largely agreed with human data in implicating the prefrontal cortex, amygdala and ventral striatum in the representation of social dominance (eg Sallet et al.2011; Noonan et al.2014; Munuera et al. 2018).”
Lee, S. G., Dormán, H., Nádasdy, Z., & Gothard, K. M. (2026) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2516365123 · Cited by 1
Liu, J., Qu, C., Philippe, R., Li, S. S., Derrington, E. A., Corgnet, B., & Dreher, J.-C. (2026) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2606871123 · Cited by 2
The Perspective from Semantic Typology
Kemmerer, D. L. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190682620.003.0001 · Cited by 1
Computational Modeling of Basic Cognitive Functionalities
(2023) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108755610.014 · Cited by 1
Doya, K. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-15754-7.00088-2 · Cited by 1
Are We Ever Conscious of Concepts?
Kemmerer, D. L. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190682620.003.0007
Multisensory Processing in the Primate Amygdala
Morrow, J. K. (2019) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona)
Visual add-ons during vertebrate evolution
Pfaff, D. W. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-85861-8.00014-1
Layered Synchronization and Identification of Uncertain Delayed Hierarchical Networks
Chai, Y., & Zhang, H. (2021) · Mathematical Problems in Engineering · doi:10.1155/2021/8890949
“Constantly left in varied conditions, many complex networks comprise multilevel structures and multicomponent systems [12], and stereoscopic hierarchical network is one of them.”
BackgroundPrivacy, Neuroscience and Algorithms
Grant, D. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108883931.003
Kelly, E. A., Thomas, V. K., Indraghanty, A., & Fudge, J. (2021) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1101/2021.05.07.443119 · Cited by 9
“The same neural ensembles in monkey amygdala can code reward associated with both nonsocial and social stimuli (Munuera et al., 2018), indicating a common or overlapping circuitry available for coding ‘salience’ and ‘social’ cue evaluation.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Munuera, J., Rigotti, M., & Salzman, C. D.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University (US)
- IBM (United States) (US)
- New York State Psychiatric Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Munuera, Jérôme
- Salzman, C. Daniel
- Venue
- Nature Neuroscience
- Published
- 2018-02-19
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 415-423
- ISSN
- 1097-6256 (ISSN-L)
- 1546-1726
- PMC
- PMC6092962
- OpenAlex
- W2789621216
- Cited by
- 126
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 5
- FWCI
- 21.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Simons Foundation
- Philippe Foundation
- Fondation Fyssen
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH082017)
- National Eye Institute (P30EY019007)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Primate Behavior and Ecology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Keywords
- social hierarchy, hierarchical rank, amygdala, reward value, social brain hypothesis, orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, primate social behavior, face processing
- MeSH terms
- Amygdala, Animals, Conditioning, Operant, Hierarchy, Social, Macaca mulatta, Male, Neurons, Photic Stimulation, Reward
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