Primate amygdala neurons simulate decision processes of social partners
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By observing their social partners, primates learn about reward values of objects. Here, we show that monkeys' amygdala neurons derive object values from observation and use these values to simulate a partner monkey's decision process. While monkeys alternated making reward-based choices, amygdala neurons encoded object-specific values learned from observation. Dynamic activities converted these values to representations of the recorded monkey's own choices. Surprisingly, the same activity patterns unfolded spontaneously before partner's choices in separate neurons, as if these neurons simulated the partner's decision-making. These "simulation neurons" encoded signatures of mutual-inhibitory decision computation, including value comparisons and value-to-choice conversions, resulting in accurate predictions of partner's choices. Population decoding identified differential contributions of amygdala subnuclei. Biophysical modeling of amygdala circuits showed that simulation neurons emerge naturally from convergence between object-value neurons and self-other neurons. By simulating decision computations during observation, these neurons could allow primates to reconstruct their social partners' mental states.
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Macaque amygdala neurons are involved in social, observational learning in a reversal-learning task.
“In addition, it has been shown in the macaque that amygdala neurons are involved in social, observational learning in a reversal-learning task, and that some neurons even predicted the choices of the partner monkey (Grabenhorst et al., 2019).”
From The orbitofrontal cortex: reward, emotion and depression (2020) · cites this paper as Grabenhorst et al., 2019
Some macaque amygdala neurons predicted the choices of the partner monkey.
“In addition, it has been shown in the macaque that amygdala neurons are involved in social, observational learning in a reversal-learning task, and that some neurons even predicted the choices of the partner monkey (Grabenhorst et al., 2019).”
From The orbitofrontal cortex: reward, emotion and depression (2020) · cites this paper as Grabenhorst et al., 2019
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Human amygdala compared to orbitofrontal cortex connectivity, and emotion
Rolls, E. T., Deco, G., Huang, C., & Feng, J. (2022) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102385 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Further, in macaques some amygdala neurons have activity related to social and economic decision-making (Hernadi et al. , 2015; Grabenhorst et al. , 2016; Grabenhorst et al. , 2019; Grabenhorst and Schultz, 2021).”
BackgroundRhoads, S. A., Vekaria, K. M., O’Connell, K., Elizabeth, H. S., Rand, D. G., Williams, M. K., & Marsh, A. A. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-37283-5 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Isoda, M. (2021) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-101420-011820 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Bristow, G. C., Thomson, D. M., Openshaw, R. L., Mitchell, E. J., Pratt, J. A., Dawson, N., & Morris, B. J. (2020) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107536 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“A range of interconnecting neural networks are involved in social cognition including the PFC, ventral striatum, amygdala, and cingulate cortex (Barak and Feng, 2016; Bicks et al., 2015; Grabenhorst et al., 2019).”
BackgroundShared yet dissociable neural codes across eye gaze, valence and expectation
Pryluk, R., Shohat, Y., Morozov, A., Friedman, D., Taub, A. H., & Paz, R. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2740-8 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Neurons in human pre-supplementary motor area encode key computations for value-based choice
Aquino, T. G., Cockburn, J., Mamelak, A. N., Rutishauser, U., & O’Doherty, J. P. (2023) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-023-01548-2 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“X = Xt + Xts + Xtd + Xtsd + Xnoise = ∑ φ Xφ + Xnoise (16)”
Value-Related Neuronal Responses in the Human Amygdala during Observational Learning
Aquino, T. G., Minxha, J., Dunne, S., Ross, I. B., Mamelak, A. N., Rutishauser, U., & O’Doherty, J. P. (2020) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2897-19.2020 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Visuo-frontal interactions during social learning in freely moving macaques
Franch, M. C., Yellapantula, S., Parajuli, A., Kharas, N., Wright, A. A., Aazhang, B., & Dragoi, V. (2024) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07084-x · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“A distinct feature of the ‘social brain’ is the ability to process information about one’s self and others 6,30,31 .”
The human social cognitive network contains multiple regions within the amygdala
Edmonds, D., Salvo, J. J., Anderson, N., Lakshman, M., Yang, Q.-H., Kay, K., Zelano, C., & Braga, R. M. (2024) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adp0453 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Amygdala neurons show increased responses when facial expressions and social interactions are viewed ( 83 – 88 ), as well as to eye contact from conspecifics ( 89 ).”
Neuronal Circuits for Social Decision-Making and Their Clinical Implications
Báez-Mendoza, R., Vázquez, Y., Mastrobattista, E. P., & Williams, Z. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.720294 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Noritake, A., Ninomiya, T., & Isoda, M. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.02.018 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“In an observational choice task (Grabenhorst et al., 2019), two monkeys facing each other took turns at making choices between sequentially presented visual stimuli and learned stimulus-reward probabilities.”
BackgroundInfluentialAutism-linked gene FoxP1 selectively regulates the cultural transmission of learned vocalizations
García‐Oscos, F., Koch, T. M., Pancholi, H., Trusel, M., Daliparthi, V., Co, M., Park, S.-H. E., Ayhan, F., Alam, D. H., Holdway, J. E., et al. (2021) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abd2827 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Shi, W., Meisner, O. C., Blackmore, S., Jadi, M. P., Nandy, A. S., & Chang, S. W. C. (2023) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2023.107793 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Under social behavioral contexts, the amygdala has been found to encode a variety of social variables including social cues (Bergan et al., 2014) and social values (Grabenhorst et al., 2019; Munuera et al., 2018) involved in learning and decision-making.”
BackgroundAinsworth, M., Sallet, J., Joly, O., Kyriazis, D., Kriegeskorte, N., Duncan, J., Schüffelgen, U., Rushworth, M. F. S., & Bell, A. H. (2021) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0870-20.2021 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
The marmoset as a model for investigating the neural basis of social cognition in health and disease
Samandra, R., Haque, Z. Z., Rosa, M. G. P., & Mansouri, F. A. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104692 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
A bird’s-eye view of brain activity in socially interacting mice through mobile edge computing (MEC)
Kim, J., Kim, C., Han, H.-B., Cho, C. J., Yeom, W., Lee, S. Q., & Choi, J. H. (2020) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abb9841 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“In addition to the behavior level, the involvement of particular brain regions and neural circuits has been reported to be dependent on social contexts (2, 3), necessitating the simultaneous study of two or more interacting individuals (4).”
BackgroundMi, Q., Wang, C., Camerer, C. F., & Zhu, L. (2021) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abe6276 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Past research on cooperation has typically focused on how the brain anticipates partners’ choices by learning from direct experiences, such as repeatedly interacting with the same partner within the same decision context (21, 22, 65).”
BackgroundFunctions of primate amygdala neurons in economic decisions and social decision simulation
Grabenhorst, F., & Schultz, W. (2021) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113318 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“translation from graded evidence to binary choice by single neurons, the dependence of decision signals on evidence strength, and the tuning of decision neurons to specific choice options [1,52].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMother brain is wired for social moments
Shimon-Raz, O., Salomon, R., Bloch, M., Romano, G. A., Hendler, T., Yeshurun, Y., Ulmer-Yaniv, A., Zagoory‐Sharon, O., & Feldman, R. (2021) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.59436 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Representation of distinct reward variables for self and other in primate lateral hypothalamus
Noritake, A., Ninomiya, T., & Isoda, M. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1917156117 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“However, such agentspecific coding in subcortical regions is not confined to the LH; a recent study showed that primate amygdala cells during observational learning encode own choices and partner’s predicted choices in an agent-specific manner (25).”
BackgroundResultMesoscopic-scale functional networks in the primate amygdala
Morrow, J. K., Cohen, M. X., & Gothard, K. M. (2020) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.57341 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Bounded rationality, enactive problem solving, and the neuroscience of social interaction
Viale, R., Gallagher, S., & D, V. G. M. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1152866 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Huang, F.-Y., Sutcliffe, M. P. F., & Fabian Grabenhorst, B. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2101954118 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“This basic reversal-learning task has been widely used as a paradigm for adaptive learning in neuroscience and has been successfully modelled by RL models (17-19).”
Metacognition as a window into subjective affective experience
Cushing, C. A., Lau, H. C., Hofmann, S. G., LeDoux, J. E., & Taschereau‐Dumouchel, V. (2024) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.13683 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Furthermore, it was previously shown, both in humans 63 and non-human primates, 64 that similar fi rst-order representations are engaged both when one is responding in a threat conditioning task and when observing someone else responding in the same task.”
BackgroundPujara, M. S., Ciesinski, N. K., Reyelts, J. F., Rhodes, S. E. V., & Murray, E. A. (2022) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0794-21.2022 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Kelly, E. A., Thomas, V. K., Indraghanty, A., & Fudge, J. L. (2021) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1056-21.2021 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Representation of Anticipated Rewards and Punishments in the Human Brain
Ben‐Zion, Z., & Levy, I. (2024) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-022324-042614 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
The effects of reward and social context on visual processing for perceptual decision-making
Takagaki, K., & Krug, K. (2020) · Current Opinion in Physiology · doi:10.1016/j.cophys.2020.08.006 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Fabian Grabenhorst, B., Tsutsui, K., Kobayashi, S., & Schultz, W. (2019) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.44838 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“The presently observed neuronal separation of object risk and action risk is analogous to neuronal separation of value signals for objects (Grabenhorst et al., 2019; Padoa-Schioppa, 2011; So and Stuphorn, 2010; Tsutsui et al., 2016) and actions (Lau and Glimcher, 2008; Samejima et al.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialFerrucci, L., Nougaret, S., Falcone, R., Cirillo, R., Ceccarelli, F., & Genovesio, A. (2021) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhab253 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“In this section, we examine the various paradigms used to study prediction: a prisoner’s dilemma task (Haroush and Williams 2015), an observational learning task (Grabenhorst et al. 2019), monkey–monkey interaction tasks (Yoshida et al.”
MethodMcHale-Matthews, A., Cho, Y., & Fudge, J. (2021) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0970-21.2021 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Socially relative reward valuation in the primate brain
Isoda, M. (2020) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2020.11.008 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“ard value [44] -reward [44] ard value [28] ] al agent [51]”
BackgroundPutnam, P. T., Chu, C.-C. J., Fagan, N. A., Monte, O. D., & Chang, S. W. C. (2023) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2023.05.020 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
A view-based decision mechanism for rewards in the primate amygdala
Fabian Grabenhorst, B., Ponce‐Alvarez, A., Battaglia‐Mayer, A., Deco, G., & Schultz, W. (2023) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2023.08.024 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“42,75,76 The SVM classifier was trained to find a linear hyperplane that best separated patterns of neuronal population activity defined by a given grouping variable (e.g., high vs. low value, choice for currently viewed vs. last-viewed object, choice for object A vs. object B); the different levels…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPutnam, P. T., & Chang, S. W. C. (2021) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113356 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“C) Amygdala neurons signal value on both self and observational learning trials [67].”
BackgroundA computational signature of self-other mergence in Borderline Personality Disorder
Story, G. W., Ereira, S., Valle, S., Chamberlain, S. R., Grant, J. E., & Dolan, R. J. (2024) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-024-03170-w · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Mitigating this concern, participants completing the study online met with an experimenter through a video call, to ensure controlled experimental conditions.”
Ye, Y., Chen, P.-K. A., & Wen, M. (2025) · Journal of Knowledge Management · doi:10.1108/jkm-12-2024-1529 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Nutrient-Sensitive Reinforcement Learning in Monkeys
Huang, F.-Y., & Fabian Grabenhorst, B. (2023) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0752-22.2022 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Giacometti, C., Amiez, C., & Hadj‐Bouziane, F. (2023) · Current Research in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.crneur.2023.100103 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Emotions in multi-brain dynamics: A promising research frontier
Antonelli, F., Bernardi, F., Koul, A., Novembre, G., & Papaleo, F. (2024) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105965 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“…locations (Livi et al., 2019; Mukamel et al., 2010; Shepherd et al., 2009; Yoshida et al., 2011), during decision making (Falcone et al., 2017; Grabenhorst et al., 2019; Haroush and Williams, 2015), and display of emotions as detailed in the previous paragraph (Bastiaansen et al., 2009;…”
Microglia Morphology in the Developing Primate Amygdala and Effects of Early Life Stress
King, D. P., Abdalaziz, M., Majewska, A. K., Cameron, J. L., & Fudge, J. L. (2025) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0466-24.2024 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“…is the amygdala (Bachevalier et al., 1999; Sanchez et al., 2001; Amaral et al., 2003; Gee et al., 2013; Tottenham, 2014), which detects and processes salient sensory cues in awake human and nonhuman primates (Wang et al., 2014; Wang et al., 2017; Grabenhorst et al., 2019; Morrow et al., 2020).”
Báez-Mendoza, R., & Williams, Z. M. (2020) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2020.03.057 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Single-Neuron Correlates of Decision Confidence in the Human Medial Temporal Lobe
Unruh-Pinheiro, A., Hill, M. R., Weber, B., Boström, J. P., Elger, C. E., & Mormann, F. (2020) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.09.021 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Rhoads, S. A., Vekaria, K. M., O’Connell, K., Elizabeth, H. S., Rand, D. G., Williams, M. K., & Marsh, A. A. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/sykmv · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Social Risk Coding by Amygdala Activity and Connectivity with the Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex
Kim, J.-C., Zangemeister, L., Tobler, P. N., Schultz, W., & Fabian Grabenhorst, B. (2024) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1149-24.2024 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Cui, D., & Nelissen, K. (2022) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119187 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Ceccarelli, F., Londei, F., Arena, G., Genovesio, A., & Ferrucci, L. (2025) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani15091340 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“…decades, with a multitude of studies that have helped shed light on the neural correlates underlying social interaction, focusing on the monitoring of others’ actions [176–180] and rewards [181–183], cooperation or competition [184–187], or the processing of others’ face, gaze and voice [188–191].”
The amygdala and the pursuit of future rewards
Johnson, S. T., & Fabian Grabenhorst, B. (2025) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2024.1517231 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Specialized medial prefrontal-amygdala coordination in other-regarding decision preferencePreprint
Monte, O. D., Chu, C.-C. J., Fagan, N. A., & Chang, S. W. C. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/640292 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Primate neuroethology: a new synthesis
Parodi, F., Kording, K. P., & Platt, M. L. (2025) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2025.09.002 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Computational origins of cortical brain circuits for social cognition
Mahmoodi, A., & Rushworth, M. F. S. (2026) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-026-01028-2 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Dynamic coding and sequential integration of multiple reward attributes by primate amygdala neurons
Fabian Grabenhorst, B., & Báez-Mendoza, R. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-58270-y · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Based on previous fi ndings that value codes may differ between amygdala nuclei 9,12 , we repeated the above analysis using neurons recorded from different nuclei.”
InfluentialKasran, S., Hughes, S., & Houwer, J. D. (2022) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.220059 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
John, Y. J., Wang, J., Bullock, D. H., & Barbas, H. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.03.17.484812 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Social cognitive regions of human association cortex are selectively connected to the amygdalaPreprint
Edmonds, D., Salvo, J. J., Anderson, N. L., Lakshman, M., Yang, Q., Kay, K., Zelano, C., & Braga, R. M. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.12.06.570477 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Adaptive learning strategies in purely observational learning
Xu, Y., Guo, W., Huang, G., & Qu, C. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03904-3 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“The above scenario involves learning the stimulus–response-consequence associations which organisms learn to optimize their decisions for maximizing rewards or minimizing punishments and reducing uncertainty (Feld-manHall & Shenhav, 2019; Grabenhorst et al., 2019).”
BackgroundDecision-Making with Predictions of Others’ Likely and Unlikely Choices in the Human Brain
Ma, N., Harasawa, N., Ueno, K., Cheng, K., & Nakahara, H. (2024) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2236-23.2024 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Similar signals have been observed in single neurons in nonhuman primates (Grabenhorst et al., 2019; Grabenhorst and Schultz, 2021).”
BackgroundReward monitoring in the frontopolar cortex of macaques
Ferrucci, L., Ceccarelli, F., Londei, F., Arena, G., Elyasizad, L., Nougaret, S., & Genovesio, A. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-99019-3 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Neurons in the hypothalamus and in the amygdala signals reward value both for self and others 58–60 , and it has been suggested that by encoding object values learned through observation they can build a representation that serves to construct a representation of others’ mental states 61 .”
The Role of Theories of Embodied Cognition in Research and Modeling of Emotions
Shiller, A. V. (2019) · Russian Journal of Philosophical Sciences · doi:10.30727/0235-1188-2019-62-5-124-138 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Dyadic Interaction Platform: A novel tool to study transparent social interactionsPreprint
Isbaner, S., Báez-Mendoza, R., Bothe, R., Eiteljoerge, S. F. V., Fischer, A., Gail, A., Gläscher, J. P., Lüschen, H., Moeller, S., Penke, L., et al. (2025) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.106757.1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
John, Y. J., Wang, J., Bullock, D. H., & Barbas, H. (2024) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_02109 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Shared neural codes for eye-gaze and valencePreprint
Pryluk, R., Shohat, Y., Morozov, A., Friedman, D., Taub, A. H., & Paz, R. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/736462 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Dyadic Interaction Platform: A novel tool to study transparent social interactionsPreprint
Isbaner, S., Báez-Mendoza, R., Bothe, R., Eiteljoerge, S. F. V., Fischer, A., Gail, A., Gläscher, J. P., Lüschen, H., Moeller, S., Penke, L., et al. (2025) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.106757 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
PrimateFace: A Machine Learning Resource for Automated Face Analysis in Human and Non-human PrimatesPreprint
Parodi, F., Matelsky, J., Lamacchia, A. P., Segado, M., Jiang, Y., Regla-Vargas, A., Sofi, L., Kimock, C. M., Waller, B. M., Platt, M. L., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.08.12.669927 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Zhao, S., Ye, R., Tang, Q.-Y., Attaallah, B., Toniolo, S., Saleh, Y., Rouse, M. A., Garrard, P., Broulidakis, M. J., Thompson, S., et al. (2026) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-026-04023-4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Although pathology in this socio-affective network can alter social cognition and behaviour [48, 52, 53], the evidence reviewed above points speci fi cally to ACCg and vmPFC as critical for social motivation.”
Kumar, A., Narayan, R. K., Pareek, V., Kumari, C., Ghosh, S. K., & Faiq, M. A. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_1368-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Systematic Comparison of Risky Choices in Humans and MonkeysPreprint
Seak, L. C. U., Ferrari-Toniolo, S., Jain, R., Nielsen, K., & Schultz, W. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.02.07.527517 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“In monkeys, studies demonstrated that monkeys maximize expected utility (Ferrari-Toniolo et al., 2019; Stauffer et al., 2015), cooperate with others (Grabenhorst et al., 2019), show loss aversion (Chen et al., 2006), and exhibit different risk attitude under different conditions (Ferrari-Toniolo et…”
Yates, D. M. (2019) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-019-0178-5
Multisensory Processing in the Primate Amygdala
Morrow, J. K. (2019) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona)
Kelly, E., Thomas, V. K., Indraghanty, A., & Fudge, J. L. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.05.07.443119
Montgomery, E. B. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822829-6.00026-6
Kumar, A., Narayan, R. K., Pareek, V., Kumari, C., Ghosh, S. K., & Faiq, M. A. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-55065-7_1368
van Coeverden, C., & Schultz, W. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.12.25.521899
“…for investigating neuronal mechanisms of social behavior beyond the already known coding of other’s actions and choices (di Pellegrino et al. 1992; Hosokawa & Watanabe 2012; Báez-Mendoza et al. 2013; Haroush & Williams 2015; Chang et al. 2015; Grabenhorst et al. 2019; Báez-Mendoza et al. 2021).”
Background(2022) · Society for Neuroscience eBooks · doi:10.1523/hon.012012
Multiple predictions of others’ actions in the human brain
Lin, Y., & Wittmann, M. K. (2024) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2024.10.009
Social behavior in primates and its neural correlates
Qi, G., & Chang, S. W. C. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-27380-3.00002-6
Value coding by primate amygdala neurons complies with economic choice theoryPreprint
Fabian Grabenhorst, B., Schultz, W., & Ferrari-Toniolo, S. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.04.15.648888
Preferences for fat, sugar, and oral-sensory food qualities in monkeys and humans
Huang, F.-Y., & Fabian Grabenhorst, B. (2025) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.114998 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Previous studies in macaques identified important factors influencing reward values, choices, and their neural mechanisms, including the assignment of values to choice options [40,42,58 – 64], reinforcement learning [27,65] and effects of satiety and thirst [3,66,67].”
Selective Observation Under Limited Resources Biases Social Inference Through HysteresisPreprint
Son, S., & Yoo, S. B. M. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.07.30.667795
“…observational learning, the learner attends more to others' actions to identify intentions relevant to their own problem-solving (Burke et al., 2010; Grabenhorst et al., 2019; Hill et al., 2016) (Figure 1, red arrow), especially when these actions are more socially valuable (Olsson et al., 2020).”
Contributions of nonhuman primate research to unraveling the social brain and its impairments
Gacoin, M., Jiang, H., Obliger-Debouche, M., Cléry, J. C., & Sliwa, J. (2025) · Revue de primatologie · doi:10.4000/15cqb
Evidence accumulation from experience and observation in the cingulate cortex
Chen, R., Radkani, S., Valluru, N., Yoo, S. B. M., & Jazayeri, M. (2026) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-025-09885-0
“Some studies have examined the neural signatures of observed reward and punishment 27 in the amygdala, striatum and many cortical areas 28–39 .”
Cooperation: Behavioral manifestations and neural mechanisms
Jiang, M., Chang, S. W. C., & Hong, W. (2026) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2026.103177
Brain mechanisms underlying self-other distinction for bodily self-recognition
Oka, Y. G., & Isoda, M. (2026) · Frontiers in Neural Circuits · doi:10.3389/fncir.2026.1781653
Clarifying the neural circuit mechanisms of spontaneous social behavior in macaques
Ninomiya, T., Kaneko, T., Ono, Y., Kobayashi, K., & Isoda, M. (2026) · Frontiers in Neural Circuits · doi:10.3389/fncir.2026.1783133
“…settings have been successful in capturing various aspects of social behaviors, including monitoring (Falcone et al., 2016; Noritake et al., 2018; Grabenhorst et al., 2019; Dal Monte et al., 2020; Ninomiya et al., 2020), cooperation (Haroush and Williams, 2015; Visco-Comandini et al., 2015) and…”
- Authors
- Grabenhorst, F., Báez-Mendoza, R., Genest, W., Deco, G., & Schultz, W.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ES)
- Venue
- Cell
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-05
- Volume
- 177
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 986-998.e15
- ISSN
- 0092-8674 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6506276
- OpenAlex
- W2936454282
- Cited by
- 103
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 7
- FWCI
- 8.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Cell (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Repositori digital de la UPF (Universitat Pompeu Fabra) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Apollo (cc-by)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- Principal Research Fellowship and Programme Grant (095495)
- Sir Henry Dale Fellowship (206207/Z/17/Z)
- European Research Council
- ERC Advanced Grant (293549)
- NIH Caltech Conte Center (P50MH094258)
- MGH ECOR Fund for Medical Discovery
- NARSAD Young Investigator Grant
- Brain & Behavior Research Foundation
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Primate Behavior and Ecology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- amygdala, social decision-making, observational learning, reciprocal inhibition, self and other representations, social cognition, primate social behavior, population decoding, amygdala subnuclei, biophysical model
- MeSH terms
- Amygdala, Animals, Behavior, Animal, Choice Behavior, Decision Making, Interpersonal Relations, Learning, Macaca mulatta, Male, Neurons, Reward
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