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VTA dopamine neuron activity encodes social interaction and promotes reinforcement learning through social prediction error
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Abstract
Social interactions are motivated behaviors that, in many species, facilitate learning. However, how the brain encodes the reinforcing properties of social interactions remains unclear. In this study, using in vivo recording in freely moving mice, we show that dopamine (DA) neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) increase their activity during interactions with an unfamiliar conspecific and display heterogeneous responses. Using a social instrumental task, we then show that VTA DA neuron activity encodes social prediction error and drives social reinforcement learning. Thus, our findings suggest that VTA DA neurons are a neural substrate for a social learning signal that drives motivated behavior.
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“Specifically, research has demonstrated that VTA dopaminergic neurons become activated in rodents engaged in conspecific interactions, and increased activity in these neurons promotes social reinforcement learning (Bariselli et al., 2018; D ¨ olen et al., 2013; Soli ´ e et al., 2022).”
From Convergence of oxytocin and dopamine signalling in neuronal circuits: Insights into the neurobiology of social interactions across species (2024) · cites this paper as Solié et al., 2022
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“Specifically, research has demonstrated that VTA dopaminergic neurons become activated in rodents engaged in conspecific interactions, and increased activity in these neurons promotes social reinforcement learning (Bariselli et al., 2018; D ¨ olen et al., 2013; Soli ´ e et al., 2022).”
From Convergence of oxytocin and dopamine signalling in neuronal circuits: Insights into the neurobiology of social interactions across species (2024) · cites this paper as Solié et al., 2022
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“Consistent with an involvement of DA in the reinforcing properties of a social interaction, VTA DA activity increased during lever pressing in a social instrumental operant task and optogenetic inhibition of VTA DA neurons impaired social reinforcement learning [57].”
From Neural circuits regulating prosocial behaviors (2023) · cites this paper as [57]
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“Recent studies have highlighted the necessity and sufficiency of dopamine (DA) neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to promote social interaction (Gunaydin et al., 2014; Solié et al., 2022).”
From Oxytocin neurons mediate the effect of social isolation via the VTA circuits (2022) · cites this paper as Solié et al., 2022
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Metadata
- Authors
- Solié, C., Girard, B., Righetti, B., Tapparel, M., & Bellone, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Geneva (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Bellone, Camilla
- Venue
- Nature Neuroscience
- Published
- 2021-12-02
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 86-97
- ISSN
- 1097-6256 (ISSN-L)
- 1546-1726
- PMC
- PMC7612196
- OpenAlex
- W3217059373
- Cited by
- 186
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 41 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 5
- FWCI
- 11.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Nature Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (182326, 150704)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- ventral tegmental area, dopaminergic neurons, social interaction, social learning, neural coding, motivated behavior, conspecific interactions
- MeSH terms
- Social Interaction, Animals, Reinforcement, Psychology, Reward, Ventral Tegmental Area, Mice, Dopaminergic Neurons
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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