Co-extinctions annihilate planetary life during extreme environmental change
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Climate change and human activity are dooming species at an unprecedented rate via a plethora of direct and indirect, often synergic, mechanisms. Among these, primary extinctions driven by environmental change could be just the tip of an enormous extinction iceberg. As our understanding of the importance of ecological interactions in shaping ecosystem identity advances, it is becoming clearer how the disappearance of consumers following the depletion of their resources — a process known as ‘co-extinction’ — is more likely the major driver of biodiversity loss. Although the general relevance of co-extinctions is supported by a sound and robust theoretical background, the challenges in obtaining empirical information about ongoing (and past) co-extinction events complicate the assessment of their relative contributions to the rapid decline of species diversity even in well-known systems, let alone at the global scale. By subjecting a large set of virtual Earths to different trajectories of extreme environmental change (global heating and cooling), and by tracking species loss up to the complete annihilation of all life either accounting or not for co-extinction processes, we show how ecological dependencies amplify the direct effects of environmental change on the collapse of planetary diversity by up to ten times.
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Projections omit interconnections among species, which may cause domino effects that amplify the loss of diversity.
“Projections also omit interconnections among species, which may cause domino effects that amplify the loss of diversity ( 88 ).”
From Pervasive human-driven decline of life on Earth points to the need for transformative change (2019) · cites this paper as [88]
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Macrophyte-epifauna associations form structured ecological networks in the Baltic Sea
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Deeply divergent human exposure to food crises across socioeconomic pathways
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- Authors
- Strona, G., & Bradshaw, C. J. A.
- Affiliations
- European Commission (BE)
- Flinders University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Strona, Giovanni
- Venue
- Scientific Reports
- Published
- 2018-11-13
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 16724-16724
- ISSN
- 2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6233172
- OpenAlex
- W2900406271
- Cited by
- 88
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 7.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Flinders Academic Commons (Flinders University) (submittedVersion)
- Joint Research Centre (European Commission) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- European Commission
- Australian Research Council (CE170100015)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Evolution and Paleontology Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecological Modeling › Species Distribution and Climate Change
- Keywords
- coextinction, biodiversity loss, global warming, global cooling, ecological interactions, consumer-resource interactions, Virtual Earth, species extinction, planetary boundaries, climate change
- MeSH terms
- Environment, Earth, Planet, Food Chain, Biodiversity, Extinction, Biological, Climate Change
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