The DOI matches its Crossref record; 102 of the 103 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Defining skin aging and its risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
Skin aging has been defined to encompass both intrinsic and extrinsic aging, with extrinsic aging effected by environmental influences and overlaying the effects of chronological aging. The risk factors of skin aging have been studied previously, using methods of quantifying skin aging. However, these studies have yet to be reviewed. To better understand skin aging risk factors and collate the available data, we aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis. We conducted our systematic review in compliance with Preferred Reporting Item for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Embase, PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched in October 2020 using specific search strategies. Where odds ratios were reported, meta-analyses were conducted using the random effects model. Otherwise, significant factors were reported in this review. We identified seven notable risk factors for various skin aging phenotypes: age, gender, ethnicity, air pollution, nutrition, smoking, sun exposure. This review's results will guide future works, such as those aiming to examine the interaction between genetic and environmental influences.
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“Skin aging is a multifactorial biological process characterized by progressive alterations in skin structure, function, and appearance, including wrinkle formation, reduced hydration, impaired barrier integrity, and loss of elasticity [1,2].”
From A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial Assessing the Effects of Oral Centella asiatica Extract on Skin Aging-Related Parameters in Middle-Aged Korean Women. (2026) · cites this paper as [2]
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Agrawal, R., Hu, A., & Bollag, W. B. (2023) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology12111396 · Cited by 123
Skin ageing and topical rejuvenation strategies
Griffiths, T. W., Watson, R. E. B., & Langton, A. K. (2023) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1093/bjd/ljad282 · Cited by 108
Effects of Air Pollution on Cellular Senescence and Skin Aging
Martic, I., Jansen-Dürr, P., & Cavinato, M. (2022) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells11142220 · Cited by 95
Macrophages: Subtypes, Distribution, Polarization, Immunomodulatory Functions, and Therapeutics
Peng, M., Li, N., Wang, H., Li, Y., Liu, H., Luo, Y., Lang, B., Zhang, W., Li, S., Tian, L., et al. (2025) · MedComm · doi:10.1002/mco2.70304 · Cited by 98
Metadata
- Authors
- Wong, Q. Y. A., & Chew, F. T.
- Affiliations
- National University of Singapore (SG)
- Corresponding author
- Chew, Fook Tim
- Venue
- Scientific Reports
- Published
- 2021-11-11
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 22075-22075
- ISSN
- 2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8586245
- OpenAlex
- W3213583402
- Cited by
- 250
- References
- 103
- Citations by year
- 2026: 60 · 2025: 75 · 2024: 61 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 14
- FWCI
- 5.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- National University of Singapore (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore (N-154-000-038-001)
- Ministry of Education - Singapore (R-154-000-191-112)
- Biomedical Research Council (BMRC/01/1/21/18/077)
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN-06-006)
- National Medical Research Council (NMRC/1150/2008)
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (H17/01/a0/008)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Protection and Aging
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › melanin and skin pigmentation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Dermatology and Skin Diseases
- Keywords
- skin aging, intrinsic aging, extrinsic aging, chronological aging, risk factors, air pollution, nutrition, smoking, sun exposure, gender differences, ethnicity, age
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Air Pollutants, Air Pollution, Humans, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Skin, Smoking, Ultraviolet Rays, Skin Aging
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