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Cited by 252Skin Protection and Agingmelanin and skin pigmentationDermatology and Skin Diseases

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 102 of the 103 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Defining skin aging and its risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Open access
Wong, Qi Yi Ambrose, Chew, Fook Tim·2021·Scientific Reports
DOI 10.1038/s41598-021-01573-zPMC PMC8586245
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Abstract

Skin aging has been defined to encompass both intrinsic and extrinsic aging, with extrinsic aging effected by environmental influences and overlaying the effects of chronological aging. The risk factors of skin aging have been studied previously, using methods of quantifying skin aging. However, these studies have yet to be reviewed. To better understand skin aging risk factors and collate the available data, we aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis. We conducted our systematic review in compliance with Preferred Reporting Item for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Embase, PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched in October 2020 using specific search strategies. Where odds ratios were reported, meta-analyses were conducted using the random effects model. Otherwise, significant factors were reported in this review. We identified seven notable risk factors for various skin aging phenotypes: age, gender, ethnicity, air pollution, nutrition, smoking, sun exposure. This review's results will guide future works, such as those aiming to examine the interaction between genetic and environmental influences.

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Crossref · 10.1038/s41598-021-01573-z

Cites

102 of 102 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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Figures

Figure 1 PRISMA flow diagram (from Moher et al.12. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. PLoS Med 6(7): e1000097. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed1000097).
Figure 1 PRISMA flow diagram (from Moher et al.12. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. PLoS Med 6(7): e1000097. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed1000097).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 Forest plot for skin aging phenotypes and age as a continuous variable.
Figure 2 Forest plot for skin aging phenotypes and age as a continuous variable.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 3 Forest plot for skin aging phenotypes and male gender (female gender as reference).
Figure 3 Forest plot for skin aging phenotypes and male gender (female gender as reference).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 4 Forest plot for skin aging and HRT use.
Figure 4 Forest plot for skin aging and HRT use.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 5 (a) Forest plot for skin aging and current smoking (non-smoking as reference). (b) Forest plot for skin aging and former smoking (non-smoking as reference). (c) Forest plot for skin aging and being a smoker (ever smoking or smoker = yes), with non-smoker as reference. (d) Forest plot illustrating dose response relationship for smoking (in pack-years) and wrinkling.
Figure 5 (a) Forest plot for skin aging and current smoking (non-smoking as reference). (b) Forest plot for skin aging and former smoking (non-smoking as reference). (c) Forest plot for skin aging and being a smoker (ever smoking or smoker = yes), with non-smoker as reference. (d) Forest plot illustrating dose response relationship for smoking (in pack-years) and wrinkling.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 6 (a) Forest plots for more than 1 h/day of sun exposure and skin aging. The comparison exposure for all odds ratio is 1 h/day of sun exposure. Model 1 and 2: Ernster et al.36 adjusted for age, BMI, and smoking exposure. Model 3 and 4: Ernster et al.36 adjusted for age, BMI, and smoking status. (b) Forest plots for more than 2 h/day of sun exposure and wrinkling (compared with less than 2 h/day of sun exposure). Model 1 and 2: Ernster et al.36 excluded from models. Model 3 and 4: included Ernster et al., 1995. (c) Forest plots for sunscreen use and skin aging.
Figure 6 (a) Forest plots for more than 1 h/day of sun exposure and skin aging. The comparison exposure for all odds ratio is 1 h/day of sun exposure. Model 1 and 2: Ernster et al.36 adjusted for age, BMI, and smoking exposure. Model 3 and 4: Ernster et al.36 adjusted for age, BMI, and smoking status. (b) Forest plots for more than 2 h/day of sun exposure and wrinkling (compared with less than 2 h/day of sun exposure). Model 1 and 2: Ernster et al.36 excluded from models. Model 3 and 4: included Ernster et al., 1995. (c) Forest plots for sunscreen use and skin aging.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Citations

Cites

Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. Ippen, M. & Ippen, H. Approaches to a prophylaxis of skin aging. J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem. 16, 305–308 (1965).
  2. Beagley, J. & Gibson, I. Changes in Skin Condition in Relation to Degree of Exposure to Ultraviolet Light 1–45 (School of Biology, Western Australian Institute of Technology, 1980).

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Metadata

Authors
Wong, Q. Y. A., & Chew, F. T.
Affiliations
National University of Singapore (SG)
Corresponding author
Chew, Fook Tim
ORCID
Venue
Scientific Reports
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2021-11-11
Volume
11
Issue
1
Pages
22075-22075
ISSN
2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1038/s41598-021-01573-z
PMC
PMC8586245
OpenAlex
W3213583402
Cited by
250
References
103
Citations by year
2026: 60 · 2025: 75 · 2024: 61 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 14
FWCI
5.13
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • National University of Singapore (submittedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore (N-154-000-038-001)
  • Ministry of Education - Singapore (R-154-000-191-112)
  • Biomedical Research Council (BMRC/01/1/21/18/077)
  • Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN-06-006)
  • National Medical Research Council (NMRC/1150/2008)
  • Agency for Science, Technology and Research (H17/01/a0/008)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Protection and Aging
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › melanin and skin pigmentation
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Dermatology and Skin Diseases
Keywords
skin aging, intrinsic aging, extrinsic aging, chronological aging, risk factors, air pollution, nutrition, smoking, sun exposure, gender differences, ethnicity, age
MeSH terms
Age Factors, Air Pollutants, Air Pollution, Humans, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Skin, Smoking, Ultraviolet Rays, Skin Aging

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