Animal sales from Wuhan wet markets immediately prior to the COVID-19 pandemic
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Here we document 47,381 individuals from 38 species, including 31 protected species sold between May 2017 and November 2019 in Wuhan’s markets. We note that no pangolins (or bats) were traded, supporting reformed opinion that pangolins were not likely the spillover host at the source of the current coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. While we caution against the misattribution of COVID-19’s origins, the wild animals on sale in Wuhan suffered poor welfare and hygiene conditions and we detail a range of other zoonotic infections they can potentially vector. Nevertheless, in a precautionary response to COVID-19, China’s Ministries temporarily banned all wildlife trade on 26th Jan 2020 until the COVID-19 pandemic concludes, and permanently banned eating and trading terrestrial wild (non-livestock) animals for food on 24th Feb 2020. These interventions, intended to protect human health, redress previous trading and enforcement inconsistencies, and will have collateral benefits for global biodiversity conservation and animal welfare.
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The bat-to-intermediate-host-to-human pathway is plausible because many early known COVID-19 cases in Wuhan are linked to the Huanan Seafood Market, which sold animals such as raccoon dogs susceptible to SARS-related coronaviruses.
“The other natural pathway is transmission from bats to an intermediate host mammal and then to a human.61 This pathway is plausible because many of the earliest known cases of COVID-19 in humans in Wuhan are associated with the Huanan Seafood Market, and this market sold animals such as raccoon dogs that are known to be susceptible to SARS-related coronaviruses.62”
From The Lancet Commission on lessons for the future from the COVID-19 pandemic (2022) · cites this paper as [62]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Xiao, X., Newman, C., Buesching, C. D., Macdonald, D. W., & Zhou, Z.-M.
- Affiliations
- China West Normal University (CN)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Zhou, Zhao-Min
- Venue
- Scientific Reports
- Published
- 2021-06-07
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 11898-11898
- ISSN
- 2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8184983
- OpenAlex
- W3169828027
- Cited by
- 180
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 78 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 24.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- the H.N. Southern memorial Fellowship
- the scientific research foundation of China West Normal University (16E013, 17BO10)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Wildlife Conservation and Criminology Analyses
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Zoonotic diseases and public health
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Keywords
- wildlife trade, wet markets, Wuhan, COVID-19 pandemic, pangolins, bats, zoonoses, animal welfare, wildlife trade ban, biodiversity conservation
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Pangolins, Animals, Animals, Wild, China, Chiroptera, Commerce, Humans, Zoonoses, Food Safety
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