PLA based biodegradable bionanocomposite filaments reinforced with nanocellulose: development and analysis of properties
Open accessAbstract
The 3D printing technique has recently become more prevalent among researchers for the fabrication of nanocomposites. The low crystallinity of polylactic acid (PLA) leads to the poor mechanical and thermal properties of its 3D-printed products, which restrict their applications in many fields. To overcome the limitations of PLA, the present work aims to develop PLA-based bionanocomposite filaments with varying percentages (1, 3, and 5 wt%) of crystalline nanocellulose (CNC) through a single screw extruder. The filaments will be further utilized for the development of bionanocomposite samples to evaluate their properties. The effect of CNC reinforcement on the chemical structure of the filaments was analyzed by FTIR analysis. XRD analysis revealed that the crystallinity of the filaments was significantly improved due to the nucleating effect of CNC. The maximum crystallinity was observed in the filament containing 1 wt% CNC, which was 26% higher than the pure PLA filament. The thermal and mechanical performance of the filaments was also considerably improved after CNC reinforcement, which was confirmed by DSC-TGA and tensile test analysis. The maximum tensile strength and tensile modulus were observed to be 48.9 MPa and 1700 MPa, respectively, in the filament reinforced with 1 wt% CNC, which was 35.5% and 21.89%, respectively, higher than those of the pure PLA filament. Rheological analysis showed that the complex viscosity, storage modulus, and loss modulus of the filaments were significantly affected by the reinforcement of CNC.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Well-dispersed hydrophilic CNCs on the PLA matrix improve water uptake and increase the accessibility of ester bonds to microbes and hydrolysis, which speeds up the degradation rate.
“From the biodegradation point, well-dispersed hydrophilic CNCs on the PLA matrix improve water uptake and increase the accessibility of ester bonds to microbes and hydrolysis, which speeds up the degradation rate [83].”
From Nanocellulose-Reinforced Poly(Lactic Acid) and Poly(ε-caprolactone) Bio-Nanocomposites: A Review and Future Outlook for Poly(Lactic Acid)/Poly(ε-caprolactone) Blend Systems (2025) · cites this paper as [83]
The Conclusions report a homogeneous distribution of CNC particles in PLA, and the Introduction describes CNC as biodegradable. Neither passage says that CNC increases water uptake or ester-bond accessibility to microbes or hydrolysis, or that it speeds up biodegradation. The paper’s discussion of degradation concerns thermal decomposition, not the mechanism claimed here. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made
Geyer, R., Jambeck, J. R., & Law, K. L. (2017) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.1700782 · Cited by 18,606 · see citing works
Polymers for 3D Printing and Customized Additive Manufacturing
Ligon, S. C., Liska, R., Stampfl, J., Gurr, M., & Mülhaupt, R. (2017) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00074 · Cited by 3,785 · see citing works
Park, S., Baker, J. O., Himmel, M. E., Parilla, P. A., & Johnson, D. K. (2010) · Biotechnology for Biofuels · doi:10.1186/1754-6834-3-10 · Cited by 3,430 · see citing works
Production of nanocrystalline cellulose from lignocellulosic biomass: Technology and applications
Brinchi, L., Cotana, F., Fortunati, E., & Kenny, J. M. (2013) · Carbohydrate Polymers · doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.01.033 · Cited by 1,121 · see citing works
Naser, A., Deiab, I. M., & Darras, B. M. (2021) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/d1ra02390j · Cited by 875 · see citing works
A review on poly lactic acid (PLA) as a biodegradable polymer
Taib, N.-A. A. B., Rahman, M. R., Huda, D., Kuok, K. K., Hamdan, S., Bakri, M. K. B., Julaihi, M. R. M., & Khan, A. (2022) · Polymer Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s00289-022-04160-y · Cited by 871 · see citing works
Weng, Y., Jin, Y., Meng, Q.-Y., Wang, L., Zhang, M., & Wang, Y. (2013) · Polymer Testing · doi:10.1016/j.polymertesting.2013.05.001 · Cited by 596 · see citing works
Fortunati, E., Armentano, I., Zhou, Q., Iannoni, A., Saino, E., Visai, L., Berglund, L. A., & Kenny, J. M. (2012) · Carbohydrate Polymers · doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.09.066 · Cited by 581 · see citing works
Applications of PLA in modern medicine
DeStefano, V., Khan, S., & Tabada, A. (2020) · Engineered Regeneration · doi:10.1016/j.engreg.2020.08.002 · Cited by 547 · see citing works
Chen, H. L., Nath, T. K., Chong, S., Foo, V., Gibbins, C. N., & Lechner, A. M. (2021) · SN Applied Sciences · doi:10.1007/s42452-021-04234-y · Cited by 421 · see citing works
Surface acetylation of cellulose nanocrystal and its reinforcing function in poly(lactic acid)
Lin, N., Huang, J. T., Chang, P. R., et al. (2010) · Carbohydrate Polymers · doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.10.047 · Cited by 408 · see citing works
Mathew, A. P., Oksman, K., & Sain, M. M. (2006) · Journal of Applied Polymer Science · doi:10.1002/app.23346 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
Development and Application of Wood Flour-Filled Polylactic Acid Composite Filament for 3D Printing
Tao, Y., Wang, H., Li, Z., Li, P., & Shi, S. Q. (2017) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma10040339 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
PLA based biocomposites for sustainable products: A review
Trivedi, A. K., Gupta, M. K., & Singh, H. (2023) · Advanced Industrial and Engineering Polymer Research · doi:10.1016/j.aiepr.2023.02.002 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
Self-citationPLA-PHB/cellulose based films: Mechanical, barrier and disintegration properties
Arrieta, M. P., Fortunati, E., Dominici, F., Rayón, E., López, J., & Kenny, J. M. (2014) · Polymer Degradation and Stability · doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.05.010 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Kamal, M. R., & Khoshkava, V. (2015) · Carbohydrate Polymers · doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.01.012 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Kowalczyk, M., Piórkowska, E., Kulpiński, P., & Pracellà, M. (2011) · Composites Part A Applied Science and Manufacturing · doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2011.07.003 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Lignin: A Biopolymer from Forestry Biomass for Biocomposites and 3D Printing
Opedal, M. T., Espinosa, E., Rodríguez, A., & Chinga‐Carrasco, G. (2019) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma12183006 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Development of rapid tooling using fused deposition modeling: a review
Boparai, K. S., Singh, R., & Singh, H. (2016) · Rapid Prototyping Journal · doi:10.1108/rpj-04-2014-0048 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Coppola, B., Cappetti, N., Maio, L. D., Scarfato, P., & Incarnato, L. (2018) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma11101947 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Preparation of polypropylene/short glass fiber composite as Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) filament
Sodeifian, G., Ghaseminejad, S., & Yousefi, A. A. (2018) · Results in Physics · doi:10.1016/j.rinp.2018.11.065 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Sung, S. H., Chang, Y., & Han, J. (2017) · Carbohydrate Polymers · doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.04.037 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Fortunati, E., Luzi, F., Puglia, D., Petrucci, R., Kenny, J. M., & Torre, L. (2015) · Industrial Crops and Products · doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.01.075 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Poly lactic acid (PLA) polymers: from properties to biomedical applications
Ebrahimi, F., & Dana, H. R. (2021) · International Journal of Polymeric Materials · doi:10.1080/00914037.2021.1944140 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Thermal and Morphological Properties of Poly (Lactic Acid)/Nanocellulose Nanocomposites
Khoo, R. Z., Ismail, H., & Chow, W. S. (2016) · Procedia Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.proche.2016.03.086 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Yu, H., Qin, Z., Liu, Y.-N., Chen, L., Liu, N., & Zhou, Z. (2012) · Carbohydrate Polymers · doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.04.053 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Chieng, B. W., Ibrahim, N. A., Yunus, W. M. Z. W., et al. (2014) · Polymers · doi:10.3390/polym6082232 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Xu, W., Pranovich, A. V., Uppstu, P., Wang, X., Kronlund, D., Hemming, J. E., Öblom, H., Moritz, N., Preis, M., Sandler, N., et al. (2018) · Carbohydrate Polymers · doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.01.069 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Ouyang, Q., Guo, B., & Xu, J. (2018) · ACS Omega · doi:10.1021/acsomega.8b02549 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Khanjanzadeh, H., Behrooz, R., Bahramifar, N., Pinkl, S., & Gindl‐Altmutter, W. (2018) · Carbohydrate Polymers · doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.10.115 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Haryńska, A., Janik, H., Sienkiewicz, M., et al. (2021) · ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering · doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c09413 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Zhou, X., Deng, J., Fang, C., Lei, W., Song, Y., Zhang, Z., Huang, Z., & Li, Y. (2021) · Journal of Materials Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2020.04.038 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Processing of hybrid polymer composites—a review
Asim, M., Jawaid, M., Saba, N., et al. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-100789-1.00001-0 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Interfacial Engineering Methods in Thermoplastic Composites: An Overview
Periasamy, K., Kandare, E., Das, R. K., et al. (2023) · Polymers · doi:10.3390/polym15020415 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Qahtani, M., Wu, F., Misra, M., Gregori, S., Mielewski, D. F., & Mohanty, A. K. (2019) · ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering · doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b01830 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Structure and Properties of Polylactic Acid Biocomposite Films Reinforced with Cellulose Nanofibrils
Wang, Q., Ji, C., Sun, J., et al. (2020) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules25143306 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Dong, J., Mei, C., Han, J., Lee, S., & Wu, Q. (2019) · Additive manufacturing · doi:10.1016/j.addma.2019.06.004 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Lu, F.-F., Yu, H., Yan, C., et al. (2016) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/c6ra02768g · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Rheological properties of cellulose nanocrystals engineered polylactic acid nanocomposites
Shojaeiarani, J., Bajwa, D. S., Stark, N. M., & Bajwa, S. G. (2018) · Composites Part B Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.12.128 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Sharma, S., Singh, A. A., Majumdar, A., & Butola, B. S. (2019) · Journal of Materials Science · doi:10.1007/s10853-019-03521-9 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Zarna, C., Opedal, M. T., Echtermeyer, A. T., & Chinga‐Carrasco, G. (2021) · Composites Part C Open Access · doi:10.1016/j.jcomc.2021.100171 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Shuai, C., Yuan, X. F., Yang, W., Peng, S., He, C., Feng, P., Qi, F., & Wang, G. (2020) · Polymer Testing · doi:10.1016/j.polymertesting.2020.106458 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Agbakoba, V. C., Hlangothi, S. P., Andrew, J., & John, M. J. (2023) · Nanoscale Advances · doi:10.1039/d3na00281k · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Bagheriasl, D., Safdari, F., Carreau, P. J., et al. (2017) · Polymer Composites · doi:10.1002/pc.24676 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Fused deposition modelling of PLA reinforced with cellulose nano-crystals
Kumar, D., Venkadeshwaran, K., & Aravindan, M. K. (2020) · Materials Today Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2020.06.404 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Trivedi, A. K., & Gupta, M. K. (2023) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123496 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationBhiogade, A., & Kannan, M. (2021) · Polymers and Polymer Composites · doi:10.1177/0967391120987170 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Jain, S., & Tadesse, Y. T. (2018) · International Journal of Nanoscience · doi:10.1142/s0219581x18500266 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Rana, S. S., & Gupta, M. K. (2020) · Polymer Composites · doi:10.1002/pc.25791 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationNon-isothermal crystallization kinetics of ramie fiber-reinforced polylactic acid biocomposite
Jin, X., Chen, X., Cheng, Q., Zhang, N., Cai, S., & Ren, J. (2017) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/c7ra09418c · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Viscoelastic Behavior of Liquid-Crystal Polymer in Composite Systems
Barzic, A. I., & Ioan, S. (2016) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/64074 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- [4]Geyer, R., Jambeck, J. R. & Law, K. L. Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made. Sci. Adv. 3 (7), 1. 10.1126/sciadv.1700782 (2017). PMC5517107 28776036 · DOI · Paper page
- [26]Shuai, C. et al. Cellulose nanocrystals as biobased nucleation agents in poly-L-lactide scaffold: Crystallization behavior and mechanical properties. Polym. Test 85, 1. 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2020.106458 (2020). · DOI
- [33]Haryńska, A., Janik, H., Sienkiewicz, M., Mikolaszek, B. & Kucińska-Lipka, J. PLA–potato thermoplastic starch filament as a sustainable alternative to the conventional PLA filament: Processing, characterization, and FFF 3D printing. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 9 (20), 6923–6938. 10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c09413 (2021). · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Ngwenya, M., Gumede, T. P., Pérez Camargo, R. A., & Motloung, B. (2025) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma18225172 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“From the biodegradation point, well-dispersed hydrophilic CNCs on the PLA matrix improve water uptake and increase the accessibility of ester bonds to microbes and hy-Materials drolysis, which speeds up the degradation rate [83].”
- Authors
- Trivedi, A. K., & Gupta, M. K.
- Affiliations
- Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Gupta, M. K.
- ORCID
- Gupta, M. K.
- Venue
- Scientific Reports
- Published
- 2024-10-11
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 23819-23819
- ISSN
- 2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC11470091
- OpenAlex
- W4403338436
- Cited by
- 49
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 25
- FWCI
- 4.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › biodegradable polymer synthesis and properties
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Advanced Cellulose Research Studies
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Polymers and Plastics › Natural Fiber Reinforced Composites
- Keywords
- polylactic acid, crystalline nanocellulose, 3D printing, nucleation effect, crystallinity, tensile strength, thermal properties, rheological properties, single-screw extrusion, biodegradable polymers
- MeSH terms
- Biocompatible Materials, Cellulose, Polyesters, Tensile Strength, Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared, Nanocomposites, Printing, Three-Dimensional
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
