Guidelines for ethical use and acknowledgement of large language models in academic writing
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The three essential criteria for the ethical use of LLMs in academic writing-human vetting and oversight, substantial human contribution, and clear acknowledgement and transparency-will go a long way in addressing concerns about Gen-AI use.
“The three essential criteria for the ethical use of LLMs in academic writing-human vetting and oversight, substantial human contribution, and clear acknowledgement and transparency-will go a long way in addressing these concerns (Porsdam Mann et al., 2024).”
From Generative AI governance in higher education: a case study from Africa (2025) · cites this paper as Porsdam Mann et al., 2024
Mann et al. suggested three criteria for responsible use of LLMs in scholarship: human vetting and guaranteeing; substantial human contribution; and acknowledgement and transparency.
“Mann et al. recently suggested three criteria for responsible use of LLMs in scholarship [23]: (1) Human vetting and guaranteeing; (2) Substantial human contribution; and (3) Acknowledgement and transparency.”
From Artificial intelligence-assisted academic writing: recommendations for ethical use (2025) · cites this paper as [23]
Cites
On the Dangers of Stochastic Parrots: Can Language Models Be Too Big? 🦜
Bender, E. M., Gebru, T., McMillan-Major, A., & Shmitchell, S. (2021) · Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency · doi:10.1145/3442188.3445922 · Cited by 6,988 · see citing works
Promoting an open research culture
Nosek, B. A., Alter, G., Banks, G. C., Borsboom, D., Bowman, S. D., Breckler, S. J., Buck, S., Chambers, C. D., Chin, G., Christensen, G., et al. (2015) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aab2374 · Cited by 2,708 · see citing works
Ganjavi, C., Eppler, M. B., Pekcan, A., Biedermann, B., Abreu, A., Collins, G. S., Gill, I. S., & Cacciamani, G. E. (2024) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2023-077192 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Cognitive Enhancement, Cheating, and Accomplishment
Goodman, R. (2010) · Kennedy Institute of Ethics journal · doi:10.1353/ken.0.0309 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
A Taxonomy of Transparency in Science
Elliott, K. C. (2020) · Canadian Journal of Philosophy · doi:10.1017/can.2020.21 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Why We Support and Encourage the Use of Large Language Models in NEJM AI Submissions
Koller, D., Beam, A. L., Manrai, A. K., Ashley, E. A., Liu, X., Gichoya, J. W., Holmes, C. C., Zou, J., Dagan, N., Wong, T. Y., et al. (2023) · NEJM AI · doi:10.1056/aie2300128 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Mapping the Increasing Use of LLMs in Scientific Papers
Liang, W., Zhang, Y., Wu, Z., Lepp, H., Ji, W., Zhao, X., Cao, H., Liu, S., He, S., Huang, Z., et al. (2024) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2404.01268 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Praiseworthiness and Motivational Enhancement: ‘No Pain, No Praise’?
Maslen, H., Savulescu, J., & Hunt, C. (2019) · Australasian Journal of Philosophy · doi:10.1080/00048402.2019.1618883 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationRaghu Raman, R. (2023) · Accountability in Research · doi:10.1080/08989621.2023.2273377 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
A systematic scoping review of the ethics of Contributor Role Ontologies and Taxonomies
Hosseini, M., Gordijn, B., Wafford, Q. E., & Holmes, K. (2023) · Accountability in Research · doi:10.1080/08989621.2022.2161049 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
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Artificial intelligence-assisted academic writing: recommendations for ethical use
Cheng, A., Calhoun, A., & Reedy, G. (2025) · Advances in Simulation · doi:10.1186/s41077-025-00350-6 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Generative AI governance in higher education: a case study from Africa
Thaldar, D., Botes, M., Badru, A., Chenia, H., Duma, S., Dlamini, S. B., Amin, N., Hugo, W., Govender, R., Bruce-Brand, J., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Political Science · doi:10.3389/fpos.2025.1666661 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Jelloul, H., Arhouh, S., Rmili, M., & Nafidi, Y. (2026) · Journal of Pioneering Medical Sciences · doi:10.47310/jpms2026150226 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
AI Voice Methodology: Using Generative AI in Qualitative Social Research
Hughes, J., Homan, L., O’Reilly, M., & Hughes, K. (2025) · Qualitative Inquiry · doi:10.1177/10778004251401842 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Maintaining Academic Integrity Through AI-Trap Questions
Stillman, T. (2025) · Journal of Educators Online · doi:10.9743/jeo.2025.22.4.14 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Germani, F., & Spitale, G. (2026) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.14544 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Porsdam Mann, S., Vazirani, A. A., Aboy, M., Earp, B. D., Minssen, T., Cohen, I. G., & Savulescu, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- National University of Singapore (SG)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Vazirani, Anuraag A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature Machine Intelligence
- Published
- 2024-11-13
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1272-1274
- ISSN
- 2522-5839 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4404333646
- Cited by
- 108
- References
- 10
- Citations by year
- 2026: 58 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 1
- FWCI
- 44.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature Machine Intelligence (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Harvard University
- Wellcome Trust (WT 203132/ Z/16/Z, 226801, WT203132, WT203132/Z/16/)
- Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin Research Institute
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute
- University of Oxford
- European Commission (101057321)
- National Research Foundation (-AISG3-GV-2023-012)
- National University of Singapore
- National Research Foundation Singapore (AISG3‐GV‐2023‐012)
- Novo Nordisk (NNF23SA0087056)
- Copenhagen Graduate School for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
- Novo Nordisk Fonden (NNF23SA0087056)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Academic integrity and plagiarism
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Academic Writing and Publishing
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Ethics and Social Impacts of AI
- Keywords
- large language models, academic writing, research ethics, moral norms, authorship acknowledgment, AI-assisted research
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