Cited by 197Health disparities and outcomesCultural Differences and ValuesPsychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction

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Loneliness across time and space

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Luhmann, Maike, Buecker, Susanne, Rüsberg, Marilena·2022·Nature Reviews Psychology

DOI 10.1038/s44159-022-00124-1PMC PMC9640887

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Abstract

People feel lonely when their social needs are not met by the quantity and quality of their social relationships. Most research has focused on individual-level predictors of loneliness. However, macro-level factors related to historical time and geographic space might influence loneliness through their effects on individual-level predictors. In this Review, we summarize empirical findings on differences in the prevalence of loneliness across historical time and geographical space and discuss four groups of macro-level factors that might account for these differences: values and norms, family and social lives, technology and digitalization, and living conditions and availability of individual resources. Regarding historical time, media reports convey that loneliness is on the rise, but the empirical evidence is mixed, at least before the COVID-19 pandemic. Regarding geographical space, national differences in loneliness are linked to differences in cultural values (such as individualism) but might also be due to differences in the sociodemographic composition of the population. Research on within-country differences in loneliness is scarce but suggests an influence of neighbourhood characteristics. We conclude that a more nuanced understanding of the effects of macro-level factors on loneliness is necessary because of their relevance for public policy and propose specific directions for future research.

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Authors: Luhmann, M., Buecker, S., & Rüsberg, M.
Affiliations: Ruhr University Bochum (DE)
Corresponding author: Luhmann, Maike
ORCID: Luhmann, Maike
Buecker, Susanne
Rüsberg, Marilena
Venue: Nature Reviews Psychology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2022-11-07
Volume: 2
Issue: 1
Pages: 9-23
ISSN: 2731-0574 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1038/s44159-022-00124-1
PMC: PMC9640887
OpenAlex: W4308434869
Cited by: 197
References: 167
Citations by year: 2026: 55 · 2025: 83 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 2
FWCI: 4.92
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (tdm)
www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (vor)
Locations: Nature Reviews Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cultural Differences and Values
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
Keywords: loneliness, macro-level factors, cross-national differences, cultural values, individualism, socio-demographic structure, neighborhood characteristics, digitalization, living conditions, social needs, public policy

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