Cited by 448Birth, Development, and HealthStress Responses and CortisolMaternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum

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The stress of being born

Lagercrantz, Hugo, Slotkin, Theodore A.·1986·Scientific American

DOI 10.1038/scientificamerican0486-100

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Duncan, C. P., Seidler, F. J., & Slotkin, T. A. (1991) · Developmental Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0165-3806(91)90238-e · Cited by 7
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Spangler, G., & Scheubeck, R. (1993) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1993.tb02932.x · Cited by 7
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“to Lagercrantz and Slotkin, it is actually important for infants to undergo the hormonal and physical stress of being born which seems to prepare them for bonding and feeding [27].”
Background
Variation of mortality rate during the individual annual cycle
Vaiserman, A. M., Grigoryev, P. E., Belaya, I. I., et al. (2003) · Biogerontology · doi:10.1023/a:1025168932058 · Cited by 6
“Birth is a very powerful stress (Lagercrantz and Slotkin 1986).”
Neurochemical Modulation of Fetal Behaviour and Excitation at Birth
Lagercrantz, H. (1989) · doi:10.1007/978-1-349-10735-3_3 · Cited by 6
Self-citation
The majority of early term elective cesarean sections can be postponed
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“The catecholamine surge, which occurs during vaginal delivery enhances the clearance of lung fluid and causes release of pulmonary surfactant from type two alveolar cells [30,31].”
Background
Lasting consequences on physiology and social behavior following cesarean delivery in prairie voles
Kenkel, W. M., Kingsbury, M. A., Reinhart, J. M., Çetinbaş, M., Sadreyev, R. I., Carter, C. S., & Perkeybile, A. M. (2022) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2023.105314 · Cited by 6
Blunted sympathoadrenal activation accompanies hemodynamic stability after early ventilation and delayed cord clamping at birth in preterm lambs
Smolich, J. J., Kenna, K. R., Mynard, J. P., Phillips, S. E., & Lambert, G. W. (2019) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/s41390-019-0448-y · Cited by 6
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Intramuscular adrenaline does not reduce the incidence of respiratory distress and hypoglycaemia in neonates delivered by elective caesarean section at term
Pedersen, P., Avlund, O. L., Pedersen, B. L., et al. (2008) · Archives of Disease in Childhood Fetal & Neonatal · doi:10.1136/adc.2008.138487 · Cited by 6
“Recently a positive effect of terbutaline was reported in newborn infants [18,19].”
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Mode of delivery was associated with transient changes in the metabolomic profile of neonates
Vidarsdottir, H., Halldorsson, T. I., Geirsson, R. T., et al. (2021) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/apa.15822 · Cited by 5
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Soucy, J. R., Burchett, G., Brady, R., Nichols, K. N., Breault, D. T., Koppes, A. N., & Koppes, R. A. (2021) · Organs-on-a-Chip · doi:10.1016/j.ooc.2021.100009 · Cited by 4
“CATs approach their highest concentrations in life during vaginal delivery, but CAT concentrations are significantly reduced for newborns delivered by cesarean section (Lagercrantz and Slotkin, 1986a).”
BackgroundInfluential
Biochemical consequences of phosphorylcholines low pK with special relevance to human semen: Passive pH regulation
Burt, C. T., & Benjamin, C. (1990) · International Journal of Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/0020-711x(90)90171-x · Cited by 5
Neonatal Catecholamine Content of Adrenal and Extra-Adrenal Chromaffin Tissue after Prenatal Exposure to Dexamethasone
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“This transition is expected to differ strongly, from a physiological standpoint, in infants exposed to the stress of spontaneous of vacuum extractor VDs and those delivered by CS, with or without exposure to labour (4).”
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Activation of sympathoadrenomedullary system increases pulmonary nitric oxide production in the rabbit
Adding, C., Agvald, P., Artlich, A., & Gustafsson, L. E. (2001) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0014-2999(00)00930-4 · Cited by 5
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Kuz'menko, V. A. (2001) · Human Physiology · doi:10.1023/a:1010939525525 · Cited by 4
“For the first time, this preparedness appears in the late embryogeny, during birth, and in early postnatal period [ 9 ].”
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New diagnosis in neonatology: sudden unexpected postnatal collaps
Jouza, M., Macko, J., Pecl, J., et al. (2020) · Pediatrie pro praxi · doi:10.36290/ped.2020.018 · Cited by 4
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Kingsbury, M. A. (2024) · Comprehensive Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.cpnec.2024.100239 · Cited by 5
“For the fetus, OT enhances lung maturation, provides analgesia during delivery, and enhances epinephrine production that mobilizes glucose, reduces fetal heart rate, and redirects blood flow to vital organs [39 – 43], all to mitigate stress to the newborn [44].”
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Fetal and Maternal Responses to Intraamniotic Infection
Romero, R. J., Chaemsaithong, P., Yeo, L., Docheva, N., & Chaiyasit, N. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-35214-7.00014-7 · Cited by 4
Autonomy: the need for limits.
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Acute Hypoxia Induces Enkephalin Production and Release in an Adrenergic Cell Line Model of Neonatal Chromaffin Cell Responses to Hypoxic Stress
Calero, A., Villanueva, H., Giri, P., Tischler, A. S., Powers, J. F., & EVINGER, M. J. Q. (2018) · American Journal of Perinatology · doi:10.1055/s-0038-1641169 · Cited by 4
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Prenatal Development and Risk
Fifer, W. P., Monk, C. E., & Grose‐Fifer, J. (2004) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470996348.ch18 · Cited by 4
“Stimulation of catecholamine release may aid in the transition to postnatal life by, for example, protecting against birth asphyxia and promoting neurologic adaptation (Lagercrantz & Slotkin, 1986; Otamiri, Berg, Ledin, Leijon, & Lagercrantz, 1991).”
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Intiation of lung ventilation at birth
Adamson, S. L. (1991) · Fetal and Maternal Medicine Review · doi:10.1017/s0965539500000516 · Cited by 4
neurobehavioral anomalies in neonates with seizures
Emory, E. K., Tynan, W. D., & Davé, R. (1989) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/01688638908400885 · Cited by 4
Cooling and asphyxia differentially affect augmented noradrenaline turnover in the brain of the externalized rat foetus
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Care in normal labour: a feminist perspective
Bates, C. (1997) · doi:10.1007/978-1-349-14529-4_9 · Cited by 4
Hormonal Influences on Fetal and Perinatal Water Metabolism
Perks, A. M., & Cassin, S. (1987) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-1971-7_24 · Cited by 4
Developmental Regulation of Glucosensing in Rat Adrenomedullary Chromaffin Cells: Potential Role of the KATP Channel
Livermore, S., Piskuric, N. A., Salman, S., et al. (2012) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-4584-1_27 · Cited by 3
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Ferrari, D. C., & Ben‐Ari, Y. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815318-5.00020-0 · Cited by 3
Simulating the First Breath: Design of the Respiratory Reflex in a Fetal Manikin
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Does terbutaline damage the developing heart?
Rhodes, M. C., Nyska, A., Seidler, F. J., & Slotkin, T. A. (2003) · Birth Defects Research Part B Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology · doi:10.1002/bdrb.10043 · Cited by 3
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Birth and the First Postnatal Hour
Trevathan, W. R. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199755059.003.0013 · Cited by 5
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BINIENDA, Z. K. (1995) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb16557.x · Cited by 3
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On neonatal asphyxia : clinical and animal studies including development of a simple, safe method for therapeutic hypothermia with global applicability
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Alberts, J. R., & Ronca, A. E. (1996) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.420290302 · Cited by 3
“Many of the physiological pathways of the adaptations that are critical for surviving the birth transition have been nicely delineated (Lagercrantz & Slotkin, 1986), but the factors initiating the fetus' state shift were unknown.”
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Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
Miranda, R. N., Mark, H. F. L., & Oyer, C. E. (2006) · The Sage Dictionary of Health and Society · doi:10.4135/9781446215159.n817 · Cited by 3
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“It has long been established that hypoxia induces a significant release of catecholamines, representing a protective response against oxygen deprivation (23).”
Progression of C-reactive protein from birth through preadolescence varies by mode of delivery
Sitarik, A. R., Johnson, C. C., Levin, A. M., Lynch, S. V., Ownby, D. R., Rundle, A., Straughen, J. K., Wegienka, G., Woodcroft, K. J., & Cassidy‐Bushrow, A. E. (2023) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2023.1155852 · Cited by 2
“Labor and contractions (which are typically not experienced during planned C-section deliveries) may stimulate stress hormones and increase fetal blood flow, which prepare the infant to survive outside the womb (53).”
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Influence of rearing method on the behaviour and welfare of Assaf lambs during the neonatal period
Simeonov, M., Harmon, D. L., & Stoycheva, I. (2024) · The Indian Journal of Animal Sciences · doi:10.56093/ijans.v94i9.150580 · Cited by 2
“In NR, intensive physiological and behavioural stimulation of the newborn occurs after birth (Lagercrantz and Slotkin 1986).”
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Neonatal hypoxia disturbs the catecholamine turnover in the nucleus of the tractus solitarius and the peripheral chemoreceptors of the adult rat
Dalmaz, Y., Lagercrantz, H., Péquignot, J.-M., et al. (1997) · Pediatric Pulmonology · doi:10.1002/ppul.19502308113 · Cited by 2
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Prenatal reduction of E14.5 embryonically fate‐mapped pyramidal neurons in a mouse model of autism
Dufour, A., Dumon, C., Gouty‐Colomer, L., Eftekhari, S., Ferrari, D. C., & Ben‐Ari, Y. (2022) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.15724 · Cited by 2
“Birth is indeed associated with multiple hormonal, immunological and physiological mechanisms (Ben-Ari, 2015; Lagercrantz & Slotkin, 1986), and the perinatal period is associated with a ‘post-mitotic cell death’ wave that leads to elimination and refinement of neurons that have migrated,…”
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Mechanisms of Birth Asphyxia and a Novel Resuscitation Strategy
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Apnea and infection in neonates : Mediatory role of interleukin-1Beta and prostaglandin E2
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Childbirth-Related Behavioral and Psychological Changes: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Following Adverse Childbirth Experiences
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On the emergence of consciousness
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Changes in Psychological and Physiological Parameters in Girls during the Individual Annual Cycle
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“However, this changes abruptly with birth; immediately following vaginal delivery newborn infants are typically awake, alert and responsive to stimulation (Lagercrantz, 1996; Lagercrantz and Slotkin, 1986 ).”
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Grundlagen der osteopathischen Behandlung
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The effects of low glucose on catecholamine secretion from neonatal adrenomedullary chromaffin cells
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Changes in neurodynamic parameters of the human brain during an individual annual cycle
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“Regarding the mechanisms of the chronobiological phenomenon termed the individual year, we earlier put forward a hypothesis [4] on its connection with the development of so-called birth stress [ 27 ], arising at the last stages of embryogenesis, culminating during birth, and continuing during the early postnatal perio…”
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Effect of betamethasone on the expression of dopamine D 1 receptor mRNA in the developing rabbit adrenal gland
Labaune, J.-M., Boutroy, M., & Bairam, A. (2003) · Current Therapeutic Research · doi:10.1016/j.curtheres.2003.09.009
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“are linked specifically with the stress of birth, which is naturally formed during the latter stages of an individual’s intrauterine development, during the birth process itself, and for several weeks after birth (Lagercrantz and Slotkin 1986).”
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Molecular mechanisms underlying oxygen reception
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“This is necessary for the maintenance of homeostasis [93, 95] and plays a rather important role in the mechanisms underlying”
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Autoregressive analysis of cardiac RR intervals in preterm and full‐term infants
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How Birthing Practices May Affect Breastfeeding
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Liquid movement and electrical potential difference across in vitro lungs from fetal guinea pigs : responses to expansion and related factors
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The temporary genetic program of the endogenous annual cycle of individual development of the person and the phenomenon of its quantization in the course of ontogenesis
Shaposhnikova, V., Taymazov, V., & Rp, N. (2014) · Uchenye zapiski universiteta imeni P F Lesgafta · doi:10.5930/issn.1994-4683.2014.08.114.p189-201
“10-й месяц IV триместр стресс рождения испытывает не только мать, но и ребенок (Стресс – примерно такой же, как у человека, при инфаркте миокарда, или в сауне) [16].”

Authors: Lagercrantz, H., & Slotkin, T. A.
ORCID: Lagercrantz, Hugo
Slotkin, Theodore A.
Venue: Scientific American
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 1986-04
Volume: 254
Issue: 4
Pages: 100-107
ISSN: 0036-8733 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1038/scientificamerican0486-100
OpenAlex: W2012602762
Cited by: 448
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 18
FWCI: 11.23
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Scientific American (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
Keywords: births, stress, childbirth, maternal stress
MeSH terms: Adrenal Medulla, Animals, Asphyxia Neonatorum, Catecholamines, Female, Fetal Hypoxia, Fetus, Gestational Age, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Labor, Obstetric, Pregnancy, Respiratory Physiological Phenomena, Sheep, Stress, Physiological, Rats

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