The Neanderthals

Middle paleolithic symbolism: A review of current evidence and interpretations

Chase, P. G., & Dibble, H. L. (1987) · Journal of Anthropological Archaeology · doi:10.1016/0278-4165(87)90003-1 · Cited by 353 · see citing works

The evolution of modern human childbirth

Rosenberg, K. E. (1992) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330350605 · Cited by 289 · see citing works

GRADUAL CHANGE IN HUMAN TOOTH SIZE IN THE LATE PLEISTOCENE AND POST-PLEISTOCENE

Brace, C. L., Rosenberg, K. E., & Hunt, K. D. (1987) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1987.tb05847.x · Cited by 197 · see citing works

The Neanderthal: A new look at an old face

Rak, Y. (1986) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/s0047-2484(86)80042-2 · Cited by 181 · see citing works

Biomechanical analysis of masticatory system configuration in Neandertals and Inuits

Spencer, M. A., & Demes, B. (1993) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330910102 · Cited by 162 · see citing works

Upper pleistocene human remains from Vindija cave, Croatia, Yugoslavia

Wolpoff, M. H., Smith, F. H., Malez, M., Radovčić, J., & Rukavina, D. (1981) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330540407 · Cited by 143 · see citing works

Clavicles, scapulae and humeri from the Sima de los Huesos site (Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain)

Carretero, J. M., Arsuaga, J. L., & Lorenzo, C. (1997) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1006/jhev.1997.0128 · Cited by 131 · see citing works

Tempo and mode in hominid evolution

Cronin, J. E., Boaz, N. T., Stringer, C. B., & Rak, Y. (1981) · Nature · doi:10.1038/292113a0 · Cited by 123 · see citing works

On the differences between two pelvises of Mousterian context from the Qafzeh and Kebara caves, Israel

Rak, Y. (1990) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330810302 · Cited by 114 · see citing works

Throwing and human evolution

Isaac, B. (1987) · African Archaeological Review · doi:10.1007/bf01117078 · Cited by 114 · see citing works

Volumetric and asymmetry determinations on recent hominid endocasts: Spy I and II, Djebel Ihroud I, and the salè Homo erectus specimens, with some notes on neandertal brain size

Holloway, R. L. (1981) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330550312 · Cited by 112 · see citing works

Species Concepts, Reticulation, and Human Evolution

Holliday, T. W. (2003) · Current Anthropology · doi:10.1086/377663 · Cited by 110 · see citing works

A catalog of single nucleotide changes distinguishing modern humans from archaic hominins

Kuhlwilm, M., & Boeckx, C. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-44877-x · Cited by 108 · see citing works

Evolution of middle-late Pleistocene human cranio-facial form: A 3-D approach

Harvati, K., Hublin, J., & Gunz, P. (2010) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.06.005 · Cited by 101 · see citing works

Some further notes on the morphology and dating of the Petralona hominid

Stringer, C. B. (1983) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/s0047-2484(83)80128-6 · Cited by 87 · see citing works

Occipital bunning among later pleistocene hominids

Trinkaus, E., & LeMay, M. J. (1982) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330570106 · Cited by 78 · see citing works

Cranial remains and long bones from Atapuerca/Ibeas (Spain)

Arsuaga, J. L., Carretero, J. M., Martı́nez, I., & Gràcia, A. (1991) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/0047-2484(91)90073-5 · Cited by 78 · see citing works

Diet and the evolution of modern human form in the Middle East

Schoeninger, M. J. (1982) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330580105 · Cited by 78 · see citing works

Another look at an old face: biomechanics of the neandertal facial skeleton reconsidered

Demes, B. (1987) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/0047-2484(87)90005-4 · Cited by 77 · see citing works

Homo erectus—who, when and where: A survey

Howells, W. W. (1980) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330230503 · Cited by 77 · see citing works

Neandertal scapular glenoid morphology

Churchill, S. E., & Trinkaus, E. (1990) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330830203 · Cited by 64 · see citing works

Cranial morphometry of early hominids: Facial region

Bilsborough, A., & Wood, B. A. (1988) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330760107 · Cited by 64 · see citing works

Functional Aspects of Neandertal Pedal Remains

Trinkaus, E. (1983) · Foot & Ankle · doi:10.1177/107110078300300606 · Cited by 59 · see citing works

Three Roots of Human Recency

Proctor, R. N. (2003) · Current Anthropology · doi:10.1086/346029 · Cited by 57 · see citing works

Ownership, size and reproductive status affect the outcome of food ball contests in a dung roller beetle: when do enemies share?

Florescano, I. A. C., Favila, M. E., & Macías‐Ordóñez, R. (2010) · Evolutionary Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10682-010-9428-8 · Cited by 51 · see citing works

The Shanidar 3 Neandertal

Trinkaus, E. (1982) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330570107 · Cited by 45 · see citing works

Fossil Evidence on the Evolution of the Neocortex

Jerison, H. J. (1990) · Cerebral cortex · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-9622-3_8 · Cited by 44 · see citing works

Sutural effects of fronto-occipital cranial modification

White, C. D. (1996) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-8644(199607)100:3 · Cited by 66 · see citing works

Lumbar anomalies in the Shanidar 3 Neandertal

Ogilvie, M. D., Hilton, C. E., & Ogilvie, C. D. (1998) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1006/jhev.1998.0249 · Cited by 42 · see citing works

Radiographic study of the humerus in Neandertals and Homo sapiens sapiens

Ben‐Itzhak, S., Smith, P., & Bloom, R. A. (1988) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330770211 · Cited by 41 · see citing works

THE IODINE FACTOR IN HEALTH AND EVOLUTION*

Dobson, J. E. “. (1998) · Geographical Review · doi:10.1111/j.1931-0846.1998.tb00093.x · Cited by 39 · see citing works

Longevity in Primates

WASHBURN, S. L. (1981) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-040001-0.50009-4 · Cited by 36 · see citing works

Towards a solution to the neanderthal problem

Stringer, C. B. (1982) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/s0047-2484(82)80096-1 · Cited by 34 · see citing works

The coevolutionary relationship of humans and domesticated plants

Jackson, F. L. C. (1996) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-8644(1996)23+ · Cited by 28 · see citing works

The Magdalenian human remains from El Mirón Cave, Cantabria (Spain)

Carretero, J. M., Quam, R., Gómez‐Olivencia, A., Castilla, M., Rodríguez, L., & García‐González, R. (2015) · Journal of Archaeological Science · doi:10.1016/j.jas.2015.03.026 · Cited by 33 · see citing works

REDEFINING NEANDERTHALS AND ART: AN ALTERNATIVE INTERPRETATION OF THE MULTIPLE SPECIES MODEL FOR THE ORIGIN OF BEHAVIOURAL MODERNITY

Abadía, Ó. M., & Morales, M. R. G. (2010) · Oxford Journal of Archaeology · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0092.2010.00346.x · Cited by 31 · see citing works

Archaeology: Clues to recent human evolution from specialized technologies?

Zvelebil, M. (1984) · Nature · doi:10.1038/307314a0 · Cited by 29 · see citing works

The Paleobiology of Modern Human Emergence

Trinkaus, E. (2013) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118659991.ch12 · Cited by 28 · see citing works

Kiik-Koba 2 and Neandertal axillary border ontogeny

Trinkaus, E. (2008) · Anthropological Science · doi:10.1537/ase.071221 · Cited by 29 · see citing works

The significance of Aleš Hrdlička's “Neanderthal phase of man”: A historical and current assessment

Spencer, F., & Smith, F. H. (1981) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330560417 · Cited by 27 · see citing works

Les caractères discrets des membres supérieurs : un essai de synthèse des données

Voisin, J. (2011) · Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d anthropologie de Paris · doi:10.1007/s13219-011-0050-2 · Cited by 25 · see citing works

Hominids, Energy, Environment, and Behavior in the Late Pleistocene

Jelinek, A. J. (1994) · Interdisciplinary Contributions to Archaeology/Interdisciplinary contributions to archaeology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-1507-8_3 · Cited by 25 · see citing works

On the Determination of Hominid Affinities

van Vark, G. N. (1984) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-6357-3_19 · Cited by 23 · see citing works

Neandertal Pelves and Gestation Length: Hypotheses and Holism in Paleoanthropology

Anderson, C. M. (1989) · American Anthropologist · doi:10.1525/aa.1989.91.2.02a00030 · Cited by 22 · see citing works

Morphological trends in arcade shape and size in Middle Pleistocene <i>Homo</i>

Stelzer, S., Neubauer, S., Hublin, J., Spoor, F., & Gunz, P. (2019) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.23721 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

The Effects of Cohesive Conjunctions, Reference, Response Rhetorical Predicates, and Topic on Reading Rate and Written Free Recall

Roen, D. H. (1984) · Journal of Reading Behavior · doi:10.1080/10862968409547501 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Paleoclimatic setting for Homo sapiens neanderthalensis

Boaz, N. T., Ninkovich, D., & Rossignol‐Strick, M. (1982) · Die Naturwissenschaften · doi:10.1007/bf00441096 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Crossroads of the Old World: Late Hominin Evolution in Western Asia

Franciscus, R. G., & Holliday, T. W. (2013) · The Origins of Modern Humans · doi:10.1002/9781118659991.ch2 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

PALAEOMAGNETIC AND MINERAL MAGNETIC STUDIES OF SEDIMENTS FROM PETRALONA CAVE, GREECE

Papamarinopoulos, S. P., Readman, P. W., Maniatis, Y., et al. (1987) · Archaeometry · doi:10.1111/j.1475-4754.1987.tb00397.x · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Skulls and human evolution: the use of casts of anthropoid skulls in teaching concepts of human evolution

Gipps, J. F. (1991) · Journal of Biological Education · doi:10.1080/00219266.1991.9655226 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Human Biological Evolution

Henke, W. (2005) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9783527619719.ch6 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Paleoanthropology: Pliocene and Pleistocene human evolution

Delson, E. (1981) · Paleobiology · doi:10.1017/s0094837300004590 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Coevolution of Human Beain Size and Paleolithic Culture in the Northern Hemisphere: Relation to Geomagnetic Intensity

Ivanhoe, F. (1982) · Journal of Bioelectricity · doi:10.3109/15368378209040327 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Allez Neanderthal

Stringer, C. B., Kruszynski, R., & Jacobi, R. M. (1981) · Nature · doi:10.1038/289823c0 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

The Brain and Psychiatry

Kiloh, L. G. (1982) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/00048678209159468 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Creating frames of reference for chert exploitation during the Late Pleistocene in Southwesternmost Iberia

Belmiro, J., Terradas-Batlle, X., & Cascalheira, J. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0293223 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Who Were the Chagyrskaya Neanderthals? The Possibility of Their Dispersal Across Central Asia and Southern Siberia

Derevianko, A. P. (2024) · Archaeology Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia · doi:10.17746/1563-0110.2024.52.2.003-019 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

2 Defining Hominidae

Schwartz, J. H. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-33761-4_45 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Defining Hominidae

Schwartz, J. H. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-39979-4_45 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Cut off Your Nose to Spite Your Face: Face, Nose, The Paranasal Sinuses and Smell Related to Taste

Marani, E., & Heida, C. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-92105-1_7 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Zygomatic arch root position in relation to dietary type in haplorhine primates

Edmonds, H. M., Daly, E. S., & Smail, I. E. (2023) · The Anatomical Record · doi:10.1002/ar.25340 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Thepenis rectus as a marker in human palaeontology?

Loofs-Wissowa, H. H. E. (1994) · Human Evolution · doi:10.1007/bf02435520 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Defining Hominidae

Schwartz, J. H. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-27800-6_45-3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Multiple Analgesic Receptors

de Jalón, P. D. G., & Pelayo, F. (1981) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-025297-1.50022-2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Neue Aspekte der Hominidenevolution

Biegert, J. (1973) · Heidelberger Taschenbücher · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-82058-8_1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

REFERENCES

(2002) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-057100-3.50028-6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Hominin Evolution

Gellis, J. J., & Foley, R. (2023) · doi:10.1002/9781119592112.ch17 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Functional Histology and Anatomy of the Central Nervous System

Weller, R. O., Swash, M., McLellan, D. L., et al. (1983) · Clinical Neuropathology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-1335-5_2

Hominids, the Bipedal Primates

Fleagle, J. G. (1988) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-260340-2.50019-5

References

(1984) · Notes for a Short Course Studies in Geology · doi:10.1017/s027116480000097x

References

(1983) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-700550-8.50022-6

Reimagining Progress of Prehistoric Humans

Zhou, Y., & Ma, Y. (2025) · Journal of Literary Studies · doi:10.25159/1753-5387/18802

Head and Neck

Cowgill, L. W., & Maddux, S. D. (2026) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316756492.003

The Facial Skeleton

Maddux, S. D., & Franciscus, R. G. (2026) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316756492.005

Changing How Humans Evolved

Schwartz, J. H. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197785430.003.0004

Humans, Neanderthals, “Denisovans,” and DNA

Schwartz, J. H. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197785430.003.0007

Neanderthals

Schwartz, J. H. (2026) · doi:10.1093/9780197785430.001.0001

Genetics and the Origin of Species

Schwartz, J. H. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197785430.003.0003

Epilogue

Schwartz, J. H. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197785430.003.0009

The Classification That Changed Paleoanthropology

Schwartz, J. H. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197785430.003.0005

Preface

Schwartz, J. H. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197785430.002.0006

Series info

Schwartz, J. H. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197785430.002.0005

Development, Genetics, and Evolutionary Thinking

Schwartz, J. H. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197785430.003.0002

Conceiving Humans and Their Past

Schwartz, J. H. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197785430.003.0001

You May Be OK with Mating with a Neanderthal, but Would a Neanderthal Want to Mate with You?

Schwartz, J. H. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197785430.003.0008

The Ongoing Impact of the Wenner-Gren Symposium on the Interpretation of Fossils, “Genes,” and Human Evolution

Schwartz, J. H. (2026) · doi:10.1093/9780197785430.003.0006

Dedication

Schwartz, J. H. (2026) · doi:10.1093/9780197785430.002.0004

Untitled work

Kuzawa, C. W. (1998) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-8644(1998)107:27+

Evolutionary hypotheses for human childhood

Bogin, B. (1997) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-8644(1997)25+

More on Hafted Projectile Points in the Mousterian

Solecki, R. L. (1992) · Journal of Field Archaeology · doi:10.1179/009346992791548905 · Cited by 27 · see citing works

Un gisement moustérien à Noisy près de Cholet (Maine-et-Loire)

Gouedo, J. (1991) · Revue archéologique de l Ouest · doi:10.3406/rao.1991.1132

Uranium-series dating of the Mousterian occupation at Abric Romani, Spain

Bischoff, J. L., Julià, R., & Torcal, R. M. (1988) · Nature · doi:10.1038/332068a0 · Cited by 151 · see citing works

A New Look at the End of the Middle Palaeolithic Sequence in Southwestern France

Jaubert, J., Bordes, J., Discamps, E., et al. (2011) · HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe) · Cited by 27 · see citing works

A New Look A t the eNd of the MiddLe P ALAeoLithic SequeNce iN Southwe SterN frANce

Jaubert, J., Bordes, J., & Gravina, B. (2011)