Morphological trends in arcade shape and size in Middle Pleistocene Homo
Abstract
Objectives: Middle Pleistocene fossil hominins, often summarized as Homo heidelbergensis sensu lato, are difficult to interpret due to a fragmentary fossil record and ambiguous combinations of primitive and derived characters. Here, we focus on one aspect of facial shape and analyze shape variation of the dental arcades of these fossils together with other Homo individuals. Materials and Methods: Three‐dimensional landmark data were collected on computed tomographic scans and surface scans of Middle Pleistocene fossil hominins (n = 8), Homo erectus s.l. (n = 4), Homo antecessor (n = 1), Homo neanderthalensis (n = 13), recent (n = 52) and fossil (n = 19) Homo sapiens. To increase sample size, we used multiple multivariate regression to reconstruct complementary arches for isolated mandibles, and explored size and shape differences among maxillary arcades. Results: The shape of the dental arcade in H. erectus s.l. and H. antecessor differs markedly from both Neanderthals and H. sapiens. The latter two show subtle but consistent differences in arcade length and width. Shape variation among Middle Pleistocene fossil hominins does not exceed the amount of variation of other species, but includes individuals with more primitive and more derived morphology, all more similar to Neanderthals and H. sapiens than to H. erectus s.l. Discussion: Although our results cannot reject the hypothesis that the Middle Pleistocene fossil hominins belong to a single species, their shape variation comprises a more primitive morph that represents a likely candidate for the shape of the last common ancestor of Neanderthals and H. sapiens, and a more derived morph resembling Neanderthals. The arcade shape difference between Neanderthals and H. sapiens might be related to different ways to withstand mechanical stress.
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These changes may underlie some of the prominent derived facial traits of Neanderthals.
“These changes may underlie some of the prominent derived facial traits of Neanderthals154,155.”
From A catalog of single nucleotide changes distinguishing modern humans from archaic hominins (2019) · cites this paper as [155]
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Hardin, A. M., Knigge, R. P., Duren, D. L., Williams‐Blangero, S., Subedi, J., Mahaney, M. C., & Sherwood, R. J. (2022) · The Anatomical Record · doi:10.1002/ar.24857 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Uttley, K., Juellig, H. J., Angelis, C. D., Auer, J. M. T., Ozga, E., Bengani, H., & Long, H. K. (2025) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.204779 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Terminologies associated with “early Homo sapiens” and their evolutionary status
Yuhao, Z. H. A. O., & Song, X. I. N. G. (2024) · Prehistoric Archaeology · doi:10.3724/2097-3063.20240013 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A New Virtual Reconstruction of the Ndutu Cranium
Montiel-Hernández, G. D., & Lorenzo, C. (2023) · Heritage · doi:10.3390/heritage6030151 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Neanderthal-derived variants shape craniofacial enhancer activity at a human disease locusPreprint
Uttley, K., Juellig, H. J., Angelis, C. D., Auer, J. M. T., Ozga, E., Bengani, H., & Long, H. K. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.09.24.614243 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
齋藤, 佑., 友利, 幸., 上江洲聖, & 澤田辰徳 (2014) · 医学書院 eBooks
Paléoanthropologie (chaire internationale)
Hublin, J. (2022) · L’annuaire du Collège de France · doi:10.4000/annuaire-cdf.17317
Self-citationHanegraef, H., David, R., & Spoor, F. (2025) · The Anatomical Record · doi:10.1002/ar.70027
Self-citationCowgill, L. W., & Maddux, S. D. (2026) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316756492.003
Maddux, S. D., & Franciscus, R. G. (2026) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316756492.005
- Authors
- Stelzer, S., Neubauer, S., Hublin, J., Spoor, F., & Gunz, P.
- Affiliations
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (DE)
- Natural History Museum (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Stelzer, Stefanie
- Venue
- American Journal of Physical Anthropology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2018-10-23
- Volume
- 168
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 70-91
- ISSN
- 0002-9483 (ISSN-L)
- 1096-8644
- OpenAlex
- W2896059017
- Cited by
- 18
- References
- 213
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 5.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Physical Anthropology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Geometry and Topology › Morphological variations and asymmetry
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology › Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology Studies
- Keywords
- Middle Pleistocene hominins, Homo heidelbergensis, Homo erectus, Homo antecessor, Neanderthals, human, facial morphology, last common ancestor, mandibular reconstruction, mechanical stress, shape variation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Anthropology, Physical, Dental Arch, Dentition, Biological Evolution, Female, Fossils, Humans, Male, Mandible, Maxilla, Hominidae, Neanderthals
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