The DOI matches its Crossref record; 15 of the 16 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Survival Analysis Part II: Multivariate data analysis – an introduction to concepts and methods
Open accessAbstract
Survival analysis involves the consideration of the time between a fixed starting point (e.g. diagnosis of cancer) and a terminating event (e.g. death). The key feature that distinguishes such data from other types is that the event will not necessarily have occurred in all individuals by the time the study ends, and for these patients, their full survival times are unknown. For instance, in studies that measure the length of survival after diagnosis of cancer, it is common for a proportion of individuals to remain alive and disease-free at the end of the follow-up period, and for these patients, we know only a lower limit on their actual time to event. Thus, special methods are required for these type of data. The explanation and demonstration of some of the methods proposed to analyse such data are the basis of this series.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Figures
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The proportional hazards assumption was assessed using the log(−log(survival)) plot, and those that failed the assumption or that were deemed to be time dependent were entered as continuous time-dependent covariates (Bradburn et al, 2003).”
From Cohort study of adherence to adjuvant endocrine therapy, breast cancer recurrence and mortality (2013) · cites this paper as Bradburn et al, 2003
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Regression Models and Life-Tables
Cox, D. R. (1972) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology · doi:10.1111/j.2517-6161.1972.tb00899.x · Cited by 39,793
Miller, R. G. (1981) · Cited by 3,336
Modelling for Survival Data in Medical Research
(1995) · Technometrics · doi:10.1080/00401706.1995.10485920 · Cited by 2,159
Modelling Survival Data in Medical Research
Collett, D. (1994) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-3115-3 · Cited by 1,064
Survival Analysis Part I: Basic concepts and first analyses
Clark, T. G., Bradburn, M. J., Love, S., & Altman, D. G. (2003) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6601118 · Cited by 1,045 · cited 11×
“Examples of survival and hazard functions derived from some of these parametric models were presented in the previous paper (Clark et al , 2003).”
InfluentialSelf-citationLinear regression with censored data
Buckley, J. D., & JAMES, I. R. (1979) · Biometrika · doi:10.1093/biomet/66.3.429 · Cited by 1,032 · cited 1×
“Alternative methods include the method of Buckley and James (1979), which is discussed by Stare et al (2000), and semiparametric AFT models, in which the baseline survivor function is estimated nonparame-trically (see Wei, 1992, for an overview), but have not yet been widely implemented in…”
Modelling Survival Data in Medical Research.
McLachlan, G. J., & Collett, D. (1994) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2533471 · Cited by 1,023
Wei, L. J. (1992) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.4780111409 · Cited by 827 · cited 1×
“…include the method of Buckley and James (1979), which is discussed by Stare et al (2000), and semiparametric AFT models, in which the baseline survivor function is estimated nonparame-trically (see Wei, 1992, for an overview), but have not yet been widely implemented in statistical software.”
A linear regression model for the analysis of life times
Aalen, O. O. (1989) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.4780080803 · Cited by 725 · cited 1×
“These important issues will be addressed in the subsequent paper in this series.”
Multivariate survival analysis using Cox's regression model
Christensen, E. I. (1987) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.1840070628 · Cited by 372 · cited 1×
“This information could then be displayed via tabular or Christensen (1987) based on the Cox model, but can also be used when fitting fully parametric models.”
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–400 of 738
Chen, X., Zhang, Q., & Chekouo, T. (2021) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2021.705708 · Cited by 10
“We then fitted univariate Cox proportional hazard models for each gene ( Supplementary Table 1 ) and five significant genes were filtered by adjusted p -value 0.05 (Bradburn et al., 2003).”
MethodInfluentialA Transcriptomic Analysis of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas for Prognostic Indications
Chi, L.-H., Wu, A. T. H., Hsiao, M., & Li, Y. (2021) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm11080782 · Cited by 10
Coşar, R., Süt, N., Ozen, A., Tastekin, E., Topaloğlu, S., Çiçin, İ., Nurlu, D., Özler, T., Demir, S., Yıldız, G., et al. (2022) · Breast Cancer Targets and Therapy · doi:10.2147/bctt.s380754 · Cited by 10
“Then, multivariate Cox regression analysis with the backward elimination method was used to estimate hazard ratios and to identify independent prognostic factors.(39) All reported p values are two-sided, and p values below 0.”
Methodde Jong, J. P., ter Riet, G., & Willems, D. L. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.01.018 · Cited by 10
Maroufizadeh, S., Hajizadeh, E., Baghestani, A. R., & Fatemi, S. R. (2011) · PubMed · Cited by 10
Use of survival analysis to assess management options for ray blight in Australian pyrethrum fields
Pethybridge, S. J., Ngugi, H. K., & Hay, F. S. (2010) · Plant Pathology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-3059.2010.02256.x · Cited by 10
Histologic margin status is a predictor of relapse in lentigo maligna melanoma
Hoang, M. P., Karpiński, P., Zúñiga‐Castillo, M., Foreman, R. K., Emerick, K. S., & Sober, A. J. (2023) · Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2023.07.008 · Cited by 9
Optimizing Skin Cancer Survival Prediction with Ensemble Techniques
Abbasi, E. Y., Deng, Z., Magsi, A. H., Arain, Q. A., Kumar, K., & Zubedi, A. (2023) · Bioengineering · doi:10.3390/bioengineering11010043 · Cited by 9
“The model works by estimating the log hazard of patients as a linear function of their static covariates and a population-level baseline hazard function that changes over time [24].”
BackgroundLi, X., Marcus, D. M., Russell, J., Aboagye, E. O., Ellis, L. B., Sheeka, A., Park, W.-H. E., Bharwani, N., Ghaem‐Maghami, S., & Rockall, A. (2024) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/s12874-024-02234-1 · Cited by 9
“From the well-known accelerated failure time (AFT) model we have [9]: where T is the survival time, µ is intercept, Z is a n × p real matrix, n is the number of samples/subjects and p is the number of predictor/covariate; α (cid:31) is the coefficient of the predictor.”
BackgroundMethodHumbert‐Vidan, L., Kamel, S., Wentzel, A., Kaffey, Z. Y., Abdelaal, M. A., Spier, K., West, N. A., Marai, G. E., Canahuate, G. M., Zhang, X., et al. (2025) · Radiotherapy and Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.radonc.2025.110890 · Cited by 9
Omer, M. E., Bakar, M. A., Adam, M. B., & Mustafa, M. S. (2021) · Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention · doi:10.31557/apjcp.2021.22.4.1045 · Cited by 9
“The Weibull distribution is widely used in cancer research (Bradburn et al., 2003b).”
MethodKe, A., Gao, Z., Yu, R., Wang, M., & Wang, X. (2017) · IEEE/ACIS International Conference on Computer and Information Science (ICIS) · doi:10.1109/icis.2017.7959979 · Cited by 9
McDonald, H., Berecki‐Gisolf, J., Stephan, K., & Newstead, S. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0239942 · Cited by 10
“Cox proportional hazards models [46, 47] were developed to estimate the association between driver and infringement characteristics and reoffending in the 12 months that followed.”
MethodSurvival analysis of a liquefiable embankment subjected to sequential earthquakes
Khalil, C., & López‐Caballero, F. (2020) · Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.soildyn.2020.106436 · Cited by 9
Yang, H., Kim, J. H., & Lee, E. J. (2021) · Flora · doi:10.1016/j.flora.2021.151960 · Cited by 9
Aortic Branch Artery Pseudoaneurysms Accompanying Aortic Dissection. Part III: Natural History
Cronin, P., Carlos, R. C., Kazerooni, E. A., Kelly, A. M., Patel, H. J., Deeb, G. M., & Williams, D. M. (2012) · Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology · doi:10.1016/j.jvir.2012.03.012 · Cited by 9
Li, M., Fan, X., Zhao, J., & Wang, D. (2023) · Journal of Clinical and Translational Hepatology · doi:10.14218/jcth.2023.00019 · Cited by 8
“30 The effects of predictor variables such as age, sex, and tumor stage on the occurrence of a specific event such as death can be evaluated by Cox regression analysis.”
MethodModelling the Tumour Microenvironment, but What Exactly Do We Mean by “Model”?
Reyes‐Aldasoro, C. C. (2023) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers15153796 · Cited by 8
“Multivariate statistical models [95], on the other hand, consider several variables at the same time, for instance, the correlation between the overall survival of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer and the concentrations of amino acids and metabolites measured from blood samples [96].”
BackgroundRobust variable selection methods with Cox model—a selective practical benchmark study
Zhang, Y., & Müller, S. (2024) · Briefings in Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bib/bbae508 · Cited by 8
Brief introduction to parametric time to event model
Lim, H. (2021) · Translational and Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.12793/tcp.2021.29.e7 · Cited by 8
“They are also less affected by the choice of probability distribution [2-4] (21) (22) (23)”
BackgroundComputing microRNA-gene interaction networks in pan-cancer using miRDriver
Bose, B., Moravec, M., & Bozdag, S. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-07628-z · Cited by 9
Moons, K. G. M., Altman, D. G., Reitsma, J. B., loannidis, J. P. A., Macaskill, P., Steyerberg, E. W., Vickers, A. J., Ransohoff, D. F., & Collins, P. G. S. (2022) · Digital Diagnostics · doi:10.17816/dd110794 · Cited by 10
Self-citationThu, W., McIvor, N., Douglas, R. G., Tin, S. T., & Elwood, M. (2023) · Cancer Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.canep.2023.102393 · Cited by 8
Singh, G., Agrawal, M., Talwar, G., Kankaria, S., Sharma, G., Ahluwalia, P., & Gautam, G. (2024) · Indian Journal of Urology · doi:10.4103/iju.iju_75_24 · Cited by 8
Grech‐Sollars, M., Saunders, D. E., Phipps, K. P., Clayden, J. D., & Clark, C. (2012) · Neuro-Oncology · doi:10.1093/neuonc/nos156 · Cited by 8
Does Size Matter for IPO Survival? Empirical Evidence from India
Baluja, G. (2018) · Vision The Journal of Business Perspective · doi:10.1177/0972262917750249 · Cited by 8
“Figures 5 and 6 clearly show a straight line and validate the applicability of log-logistic form for AFT model (Bradburn et al., 2003; Kleinbaum & Klein, 2005, p. 279).”
BackgroundKim, B., Jang, Y. J., Cho, H. R., Kim, S. Y., Jeong, J. E., Shim, M. K., & Kim, M. G. (2021) · Clinical and Translational Science · doi:10.1111/cts.13187 · Cited by 8
“15 However, this model is not suitable for nonlinear survival data, as it assumes linear proportional hazards.”
BackgroundCrash proneness? Predictors of repeat crashes in older drivers
Huang, B., Truelove, V., & Davey, J. D. (2021) · Journal of Safety Research · doi:10.1016/j.jsr.2021.10.003 · Cited by 8
Maternal survival costs in an asocial mammal
Kanaziz, R., Huyvaert, K. P., Wells, C. P., Vuren, D. H. V., & Aubry, L. M. (2022) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.8874 · Cited by 8
“Each covariate within the model is assumed to act multiplicatively (i.e., proportionally) on the baseline mortality hazard at each time step (e.g., Bradburn et al., 2003), such that: where h0 refers to the baseline hazard (i.e., the hazard's value when all covariate values are null), p denotes the…”
BackgroundCardiovascular risk prediction model for Omanis with type 2 diabetes
Alrawahi, A. H., Lee, P. J., Anqoudi, Z. A., Al-Rabaani, M., Al-Busaidi, A., Almahrouqi, F., & Al-Busaidi, A. (2017) · Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome Clinical Research & Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2017.09.012 · Cited by 8
COVID-19 Mortality Risk Factors Using Survival Analysis: A Case Study of Jakarta, Indonesia
Nasution, B. I., Nugraha, Y., Prasetya, N. L., Aminanto, M. E., Sulasikin, A., Kanggrawan, J. I., & Suherman, A. L. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems · doi:10.1109/tcss.2022.3163325 · Cited by 8
“The classical survival analysis using CPH requires PH assumption to be fulfilled, which is prone to the violation for several covariates [28], [29].”
BackgroundMethodSplit appendix Mitrofanoffs have higher risk of complication than intact appendix or monti channels
Zann, A., Sebastião, Y. V., Ching, C. B., Fuchs, M., Jayanthi, V. R., Wood, R. J., Levitt, M. A., & Dajusta, D. G. (2021) · Journal of Pediatric Urology · doi:10.1016/j.jpurol.2021.06.002 · Cited by 8
Studies Investigating Prognostic Factors: Conduct and Evaluation
Altman, D. G. (2006) · TNM Online · doi:10.1002/0471463736.tnmp04.pub2 · Cited by 8
Self-citationCarretero, R. G., Gómez, O. V., Gil-Prieto, R., & de Miguel, Á. G. (2023) · Wiener klinische Wochenschrift · doi:10.1007/s00508-023-02278-1 · Cited by 8
Ma, L.-Y., Ou, Y., Gao, P., Fu, Y., Zhang, D., Liu, Y., Feng, J., Cheng, W., Tan, L., & Yu, J. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.01.029 · Cited by 7
Habitat and morphological characteristics affect juvenile mortality in five coral reef damselfishes
Fakan, E. P., McCormick, M. I., Jones, G. P., & Hoey, A. S. (2024) · Coral Reefs · doi:10.1007/s00338-023-02462-9 · Cited by 7
“The effect size, determined by 1-HR (see Bradbury et al. 2003), is denoted as odds ratios (OR).”
Jiang, N., Cheng, C. J. A., Liu, Q., Strong, R., Gelfond, J., & Nelson, J. F. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-65158-4 · Cited by 8
“First is its requirement for proportional hazards (PH) between compared groups, implying that treatment effects on mor-talityremainconstantovertime 5,6 .”
InfluentialEpidemiology of women diagnosed with breast cancer in Jordan
Mousa, R., Melhem, J. M., & Hammad, E. A. (2021) · Saudi Medical Journal · doi:10.15537/smj.2021.42.7.20210112 · Cited by 7
Regression modeling of time-to-event data with censoring
Dey, T., Lipsitz, S. R., Cooper, Z. R., Trinh, Q., Krzywinski, M. I., & Altman, N. (2022) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/s41592-022-01689-8 · Cited by 7
Štěpánek, L., Habarta, F., Malá, I., Štěpánek, L., Nakládalová, M., Boriková, A., & Marek, L. (2023) · Mathematics · doi:10.3390/math11040819 · Cited by 7
Carrascal, J. A. M., Hlosta, M., & Vinuesa, T. S. (2023) · The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning · doi:10.19173/irrodl.v24i1.6589 · Cited by 7
“The method is particularly used in medical research, where survival time or time to relapse is under consideration (Bradburn et al., 2003a, 2003b; Clark et al., 2003a, 2003b).”
MethodNo Easy Way Out: One Community's Efforts to House Families Experiencing Homelessness
Patterson, D. A., West, S., Harrison, T., & Higginbotham, L. (2016) · Families in Society The Journal of Contemporary Social Services · doi:10.1606/1044-3894.2016.97.22 · Cited by 7
Modeling time-to-trigger in library demand-driven acquisitions via survival analysis
Jiang, Z., Fitzgerald, S. R., & Walker, K. W. (2019) · Library & Information Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.lisr.2019.100968 · Cited by 7
Khanal, S. P., Sreenivas, V. K., & Acharya, S. K. (2019) · Nepalese Journal of Statistics · doi:10.3126/njs.v3i0.25576 · Cited by 7
Wei, J., Meng, G., Wu, J., Zhang, Q., & Zhang, J. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-88948-4 · Cited by 7
Group contracts and sustainability: Experimental evidence from smallholder seed production
Veettil, P. C., Yashodha, Y., & Johny, J. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0255176 · Cited by 7
“Following the multivariate approach, it describes the relationship between group break incidence (hazard function) and a set of covariates [47].”
MethodAnalysis of survival outcomes in haematopoietic cell transplant studies: Pitfalls and solutions
de Wreede, L. C., Schetelig, J., & Putter, H. (2022) · Bone Marrow Transplantation · doi:10.1038/s41409-022-01740-4 · Cited by 7
Khalil, C., & López‐Caballero, F. (2023) · Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.soildyn.2023.108107 · Cited by 7
Palliative whole brain radiation therapy: an international state of practice
Keit, E., Lee, S. F., Woodward, M., Rembielak, A., Shiue, K., Desideri, I., Oldenburger, E., Bienz, M., Rades, D., Theodorou, M., et al. (2023) · Annals of Palliative Medicine · doi:10.21037/apm-23-448 · Cited by 6
Genotoxicity Assay for Gene Therapy Vectors in Tumor Prone Cdkn2a−/− Mice
Montini, E., & Cesana, D. (2012) · Methods in enzymology on CD-ROM/Methods in enzymology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-386509-0.00009-0 · Cited by 8
Prilutskaya, M., Bersani, F. S., Corazza, O., & Molchanov, S. (2017) · Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental · doi:10.1002/hup.2618 · Cited by 7
Bose, B., & Bozdag, S. (2019) · ACM International Conference on Bioinformatics, Computational Biology, and Health Informatics (ACM-BCB) · doi:10.1145/3307339.3342172 · Cited by 7
Eldridge, B. M., Larson, E. R., Weldon, L., Smyth, K. M., Sellin, A. N., Chenchiah, I. V., Liverpool, T. B., & Grierson, C. S. (2021) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2021.602486 · Cited by 7
Charvat, H., Freisling, H., Noh, H., Gaudet, M. M., Gunter, M. J., Cross, A. J., Tsilidis, K. K., Tjønneland, A., Katzke, V., Bergmann, M., et al. (2021) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-21-0688 · Cited by 7
“Time ratios derived from accelerated failure time models provide an altogether different measure of impact of the risk factor: They quantify by how much the time until occurrence of the event is shortened (time ratio below 1) or prolonged (time ratio above 1) compared with the reference group (22).”
MethodThu, W., Selak, V., & Elwood, M. (2022) · Skin Health and Disease · doi:10.1002/ski2.116 · Cited by 7
“Univariate models assessed the impact of covariates, and multivariate model measured the impact of other covariates when the risk was estimated for the one factor after adjustment.(37) The proportionality What is already known about this topic? � Patients with primary invasive melanoma are at increased risk of develop…”
MethodYang, L., Chen, Y., Jiang, X., & Tatano, H. (2022) · International Journal of Disaster Risk Science · doi:10.1007/s13753-022-00414-5 · Cited by 7
“As such, Akaike information criterion (AIC) values are used to select accelerated failure time models following different distributions (Bradburn et al. 2003b); AIC values weigh the goodness of fit of a model against its complexity and measure the degree to which the model explains the data.”
BackgroundMethodDarlington‐Pollock, F., Shackleton, N., Norman, P. D., Lee, A. C.-L., & Exeter, D. J. (2017) · International Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s00038-017-1011-4 · Cited by 7
“Survival analysis is typically concerned with the time between a starting point and a terminating event, although the terminating event will not have occurred for all cases by the end of the study period (Bradburn et al. 2003).”
Multimodal data fusion of adult and pediatric brain tumors with deep learningPreprint
Steyaert, S., Qiu, Y. L., Zheng, Y., Mukherjee, P., Vogel, H. S., & Gevaert, O. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.09.21.22280223 · Cited by 7
“Not assuming an underlying distribution of survival times combined with its multivariate nature makes Cox-PH widely accepted as the method of choice to model cancer prognosis and to compare survival characteristics between different groups [9].”
Examining network entry decisions in healthcare: Network and organizational characteristics
Yan, Z., Li, M., Ni, J. Z., & McFadden, K. L. (2023) · Decision Sciences · doi:10.1111/deci.12590 · Cited by 6
Vizza, C. D., Klok, R. M., Harley, J., Small, M., Scott, M., Lautsch, D., & White, R. J. (2024) · Advances in Therapy · doi:10.1007/s12325-024-03026-1 · Cited by 6
Xu, D., Liu, Y., Ye, J., Yuan, R., Li, Y., Zhou, Y., & Zong, G. (2025) · Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery · doi:10.1186/s13019-025-03763-6 · Cited by 6
“Other variables were selected based on univariate screening ( P 0.05) followed by backward stepwise regression with a retention criterion of P 0.05 [23].”
InfluentialWeaving, H., Terblanche, J. S., & English, S. (2023) · Journal of Thermal Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103745 · Cited by 9
“We started from a maximal model and each term was excluded and removed if it did not significantly improve model fit (Bradburn et al., 2003).”
Factors associated with postpartum family planning use in Rwanda
Sylvain, M. H., & Valens, R. (2024) · Contraception and Reproductive Medicine · doi:10.1186/s40834-023-00261-9 · Cited by 6
Wang, Z., Zheng, C., Xu, H., Chen, W., & Lu, L. (2024) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics14040448 · Cited by 6
Exceptional Survival Model Mining
Mattos, J. B., da Silva, E. G., Neto, P. S. G. D. M., & Vimieiro, R. (2020) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-61380-8_21 · Cited by 6
Missing marriage: changing marriage patterns amid social transition in Myanmar
Schuster, A. L. R., Hinde, A., & Padmadas, S. S. (2021) · Asian Population Studies · doi:10.1080/17441730.2021.1898149 · Cited by 6
“The Cox regression model allows the underlying hazard to be determined non-parametrically by the data (Bradburn et al., 2003; Cox & Oakes, 1984).”
MethodYang, L., Qi, Y., & Jiang, X. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182212079 · Cited by 6
Intended Use of IPO Proceeds and Survival of Listed Companies in Malaysia
Alyasa-Gan, S. S., & Che-Yahya, N. (2022) · Journal of risk and financial management · doi:10.3390/jrfm15030145 · Cited by 6
Rate advancement measurement for lung cancer and pleural mesothelioma in asbestos-exposed workers
Azzolina, D., Consonni, D., Ferrante, D., Mirabelli, D., Silvestri, S., Luberto, F., Angelini, A., Cuccaro, F., Nannavecchia, A. M., Oddone, E., et al. (2022) · Thorax · doi:10.1136/thorax-2021-217862 · Cited by 6
Huang, Q. Y., & Tian, C. (2022) · Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine · doi:10.1155/2022/7264382 · Cited by 6
“Generally, survival analysis starts from data description and exploration by plotting Kaplan-Meier (KM) curves, and then compares survival curves; finally, univariable and multivariable regressions are performed to obtain effects of one or more factors [2].”
MethodNK/T-cell Lymphoma With Orbital Involvement: A Case Report and Systematic Review of the Literature
Dhodapkar, R. M., Spadaro, J. Z., Heng, J. S., Sinard, J. H., Lee, Y. H., Habib, L. A., & Pointdujour‐Lim, R. (2023) · Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery · doi:10.1097/iop.0000000000002317 · Cited by 6
“tors correlated with poor survival.(15) All variables for which data were”
BackgroundWhat is the best method for long-term survival analysis?
Bekiroglu, G. N., Avcı, E., & Özgür, E. G. (2022) · Indian Journal of Cancer · doi:10.4103/ijc.ijc_22_21 · Cited by 6
Foster carers influence brood pathogen resistance in ants
Purcell, J., & Chapuisat, M. (2014) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.1338 · Cited by 6
SURVIVAL ANALYSIS FOR THE RISK OF DEVELOPING HEART ATTACK
Urrutia, J. D., Tampis, R. L., Mercado, J. R., & Baygan, A. V. M. (2016) · International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.22159/ijpps.2016v8s2.15210 · Cited by 6
“Mathematically, the Cox model is written as [17]: H(t) = h0(t) × exp{b1x1 + b2x2 + ⋯+ bpxp} Where the hazard function H(t) is dependent on a set of p covariates (x1, x2, .”
MethodVaezi, M., Shakouri, M., Souri, M., Setaredan, M. A., Mossavi, S. A., Mohammadi, S., Alimoghaddam, K., & Ghavamzadeh, A. (2018) · Transfusion and Apheresis Science · doi:10.1016/j.transci.2018.03.007 · Cited by 6
Lim, H., Sun, W., Parivar, K., & Wang, D. (2019) · The AAPS Journal · doi:10.1208/s12248-018-0290-x · Cited by 6
Rückbeil, M. V., Hilgers, R.-D., & Heussen, N. M. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0217946 · Cited by 6
Hane, M. E., Kroll, A. J., Springford, A., Giovanini, J. N., Rochelle, M., & Arnett, E. B. (2018) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2018.10.047 · Cited by 6
Contribution of artificial intelligence to the knowledge of prognostic factors in Hodgkin's lymphoma
Buciński, A., Marszałł, M. P., Krysiński, J., Lemieszek, A., & Załuski, J. (2010) · European Journal of Cancer Prevention · doi:10.1097/cej.0b013e32833ad353 · Cited by 6
“However, misuses of ANNs in oncology are common and the involvement of an experienced statistician in their use is advisable (Schwarzer et al. , 2000; Clark et al. , 2003).”
BackgroundMethodLockup Agreements and Survival of IPO FirmsPreprint
Ahmad, W. (2012) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2134880 · Cited by 6
Osteosarcoma of the mobile spine: a single-institution experience of 32 patients
Gasho, J. O., Desai, V., Lozano‐Calderón, S. A., Nielsen, G. P., Hung, Y. P., Schwab, J. H., & Tobert, D. G. (2025) · The Spine Journal · doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2025.03.017 · Cited by 6
Breast Cancer in Pregnant Young Women: Clinicopathological Profile, Survival, and Pregnancy Outcomes
Ramírez-Torres, N., Rivas-Ruíz, R., & Reyes‐López, A. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.47578 · Cited by 5
“Molecular classification by IHC was described according to commonly accepted definitions [19,20].”
MethodMultimodal Deep Learning for Cancer Survival Prediction: A Review
Zhang, G., Ma, C., Yan, C., Luo, H., Wang, J., Liang, W., & Luo, J. (2024) · Current Bioinformatics · doi:10.2174/0115748936289033240424071522 · Cited by 5
Zubair, H., Susilawati, S., Talei, A., & Pu, Z. (2024) · Transportation Research Part A Policy and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.tra.2024.104229 · Cited by 5
Özler, T., Coşar, R., Süt, N., Nurlu, D., Parlar, Ş. E., Ateş, S., Dertli, M. H., Kavuzlu, Y., Kavukcu, S., Chousein, M., et al. (2025) · Breast Cancer Research and Treatment · doi:10.1007/s10549-024-07606-1 · Cited by 5
“Then, multivariate Cox regression analysis with a back-ward stepwise method was performed to estimate hazard ratios and identify independent prognostic factors [18].”
Predicting time-to-first cancer diagnosis across multiple cancer types
Lau, K., Hart, G. R., & Deng, J. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-08790-w · Cited by 5
“In the Cox proportional hazards model, coefficients quantify the effect of each feature on survival, making these effect sizes clinically interpretable 32,33 .”
Li, C.-J., & He, P. (2022) · Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society · doi:10.1155/2022/1154295 · Cited by 5
“[46], the mediating effect was tested by a series of chi-square difference tests.”
BackgroundMethodRetractedWeaving, H., Lord, J., Haines, L. R., & English, S. (2023) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.10652 · Cited by 5
“The ‘drop one’ method was used whereby, starting from a maximal model, each term is excluded and removed if it does not significantly improve model fit (Bradburn et al., 2003).”
MethodSauenram, N., Sillabutra, J., Viwatwongkasem, C., & Satitvipawee, P. (2023) · Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives · doi:10.24171/j.phrp.2023.0084 · Cited by 6
“Parametric models provide more informative and precise estimates when the distribution is accurately specified, as compared to the Cox model [ 32 ,59].”
Shy albatross Thalassarche cauta chick mortality and heat stress in a temperate climate
Mason, C., Hobday, A. J., Alderman, R., & Lea, M. (2023) · Marine Ecology Progress Series · doi:10.3354/meps14494 · Cited by 5
Using nurse-led rounds to improve quality measures related to HAPUs
Fisher, K., Grosh, A., & Felty, V. (2016) · Nursing · doi:10.1097/01.nurse.0000494657.67378.00 · Cited by 5
Carstens, H., Xia, X., Yadavalli, V. S. S., & Rajan, A. (2017) · Energy and Buildings · doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.04.084 · Cited by 5
Removing administrative boundaries using a gravity model for a national liver allocation system
Bayer, F., Audry, B., Antoine, C., Jasseron, C., Legeai, C., Bastien, O. H., & Jacquelinet, C. (2020) · American Journal of Transplantation · doi:10.1111/ajt.16214 · Cited by 5
Assessment of lung cancer risk factors and mortality in Qatar: A case series study
Abdel‐Salam, A. G., Mollazehi, M., Bandyopadhyay, D., Malki, A. M., Shi, Z., & Zayed, H. (2020) · Cancer Reports · doi:10.1002/cnr2.1302 · Cited by 5
Siméon, S., Beaudouin, R., Brotzmann, K., Braunbeck, T. A., & Bois, F. Y. (2021) · Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.taap.2021.115424 · Cited by 5
Casagrande, E., Génard, M., Lurol, S., Charles, F., Bevacqua, D., Martinetti, D., & Lescourret, F. (2022) · Phytopathology · doi:10.1094/phyto-12-21-0499-r · Cited by 5
Chaipattanawan, N., Chompu‐inwai, P., Manmontri, C., Cherdsatirakul, P., Nirunsittirat, A., & Phinyo, P. (2023) · European Endodontic Journal · doi:10.14744/eej.2022.18894 · Cited by 5
“This regression model is the statistical technique used for exploring the relationship between the survival outcome and potential risk variables (24).”
MethodA systems biology‐based approach to screen key splicing factors in hepatocellular carcinoma
Zhu, R., Wang, X., Yu, Q., Guo, W., & Zhu, L. (2023) · Molecular Carcinogenesis · doi:10.1002/mc.23549 · Cited by 5
CESCProg: a compact prognostic model and nomogram for cervical cancer based on miRNA biomarkers
Muthamilselvan, S., & Palaniappan, A. (2023) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.15912 · Cited by 5
Passantino, A., Guida, P., Parisi, G., Iacoviello, M., & Scrutinio, D. (2017) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/5584_2017_135 · Cited by 5
“…in order to avoid bias, some relevant issues should be considered: the representativeness of the population of interest, the accuracy of dataset, the missing values handling, the sample size, the number of observed events and the number of predictors (Royston et al. 2009; Bradburn et al. 2003).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Bradburn, M. J., Clark, T. G., Love, S. B., & Altman, D. G.
- Affiliations
- Cancer Research UK (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Bradburn, M J
- Venue
- British Journal of Cancer
- Published
- 2003-07-29
- Volume
- 89
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 431-436
- ISSN
- 0007-0920 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-1827
- PMC
- PMC2394368
- OpenAlex
- W2107482271
- Cited by
- 741
- References
- 16
- Citations by year
- 2026: 31 · 2025: 55 · 2024: 86 · 2023: 67 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 91 · 2020: 55 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 43 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 7.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-sa
- www.springer.com/tdm (unspecified)
- Locations
- British Journal of Cancer (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (acceptedVersion)
- LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Cancer Research UK
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Inference
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Probability and Statistical Research
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Distribution Estimation and Applications
- Keywords
- survival analysis, multivariate survival data, censored data, time to event, cancer survival, censoring
- MeSH terms
- Clinical Trials as Topic, Humans, Neoplasms, Models, Statistical, Multivariate Analysis, Survival Analysis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
