Lifestyle and socio-demographic factors associated with high-risk HPV infection in UK women
Open accessAbstract
The world age-standardised prevalence of high-risk HPV (hrHPV) infection among 5038 UK women aged 20-59 years, with a low-grade smear during 1999-2002, assessed for eligibility for TOMBOLA (Trial Of Management of Borderline and Other Low-grade Abnormal smears) was 34.2%. High-risk HPV prevalence decreased with increasing age, from 61% at ages 20-24 years to 14-15% in those over 50 years. The age-standardised prevalence was 15.1, 30.7 and 52.7%, respectively, in women with a current normal, borderline nuclear abnormalities (BNA) and mild smear. In overall multivariate analyses, tertiary education, previous pregnancy and childbirth were associated with reduced hrHPV infection risk. Risk of infection was increased in non-white women, women not married/cohabiting, hormonal contraceptives users and current smokers. In stratified analyses, current smear status and age remained associated with hrHPV infection. Data of this type are relevant to the debate on human papillomavirus (HPV) testing in screening and development of HPV vaccination programmes.
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The absence of data on sexual history and lifestyle prevents granular analysis of behavioral risks.
“The absence of data on sexual history and lifestyle prevents granular analysis of behavioral risks,2,10 and a 6-month follow-up period precludes assessment of long-term cancer incidence reduction.”
From Integrating a “see-and-treat” approach with opportunistic human papilloma virus deoxyribonucleic acid (HPV DNA) based cervical cancer screening in India: a retrospective cross-sectional study (2026) · cites this paper as [2]
The Discussion says the study did not collect numbers of sexual partners or age at first intercourse, limiting analysis of sexual-behaviour risks. But the Questionnaire section says it collected lifestyle data, including smoking and physical activity, so the claimed absence of lifestyle data is not supported. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredHPV is a primary contributor to the development of cervical cancer.
“Human papillomavirus (HPV) is recognized as a primary contributor to the development of cervical cancer.”
The HPV positivity prevalence aligns with regional estimates ranging between 5% and 15%.
“The HPV positivity prevalence aligns with regional estimates, ranging between 5% and 15%.2,16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21”
India lacks a national, organized cervical cancer screening program.
“India lacks a national, organized screening program, leaving most women without access to preventive care.”
From Integrating a “see-and-treat” approach with opportunistic human papilloma virus deoxyribonucleic acid (HPV DNA) based cervical cancer screening in India: a retrospective cross-sectional study (2026) · cites this paper as [2]
The Study population and Discussion sections describe UK national cervical screening programmes, not screening in India. The Discussion’s Smear status section mentions India only in a comparison of HPV prevalence. Searches for an Indian national screening programme and women’s access to preventive care found no passage addressing the claim; page numbers were unavailable. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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- Authors
- on behalf of the TOMBOLA Group, Cotton, S. C., Sharp, L., Seth, R., Masson, L. F., Little, J., Cruickshank, M. E., Neal, K., & Waugh, N.
- Affiliations
- University of Aberdeen (GB)
- Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (GB)
- University of Ottawa (CA)
- University of Nottingham (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Cotton, S C
- Venue
- British Journal of Cancer
- Published
- 2007-05-22
- Volume
- 97
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 133-139
- ISSN
- 0007-0920 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-1827
- PMC
- PMC2359671
- OpenAlex
- W2035608162
- Cited by
- 65
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 2.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-sa
- www.springer.com/tdm (unspecified)
- Locations
- British Journal of Cancer (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Open Access Institutional Repository at Robert Gordon University (Robert Gordon University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Cervical Cancer and HPV Research
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Reproductive tract infections research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Women's cancer prevention and management
- Keywords
- high-risk HPV infection, human papillomavirus, cervical cancer screening, sociodemographic factors, lifestyle factors, age-standardized prevalence, hormonal contraceptive use, smoking, parity, educational attainment, ethnicity, marital status, HPV vaccination, HPV testing
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Age Factors, Uterine Cervical Dysplasia, Contraception Behavior, Demography, DNA, Viral, Ethnicity, Female, United Kingdom, Humans, Life Style, Middle Aged, Pregnancy, Risk Factors, Vaginal Smears, Prevalence, Marital Status, Pregnancy Rate, Papillomavirus Infections, Alphapapillomavirus
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