Vitamin D fortification as public health policy: Significant improvement in vitamin D status in young finnish men
Abstract
Background Vitamin D insufficiency is common in northern countries during wintertime. In Finland, after the recommendation by the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health, vitamin D has been added to liquid milk products and margarines from February 2003.Objective We determined the effects of national policy on vitamin D fortification on vitamin D status among young Finnish men.Design A comparison before and after intervention with study population of 196 young Finnish men (18-28 years) was carried out. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25-OHD3) concentrations were determined with the OCTEIA enzymeimmunoassay by IDS (Immunodiagnostic Systems Limited, Bolden, UK) in January 2003 (n = 96) and in January 2004 (n = 100), nearly 1 year after national vitamin D fortification had started.Results The mean serum 25-OHD3 concentrations during the wintertime increased by 50% after implementation of the vitamin D fortification of dairy products. Correspondingly, the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency (serum 25-OHD3 < 40 nmol/l) was decreased by 50% from 78% in January 2003 to 35% in January 2004.Conclusions Our results demonstrate that national vitamin D fortification substantially improved the vitamin D status of young Finnish men. Still, a third remained vitamin D insufficient.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Mandatory vitamin D food fortification and dietary supplementation policies may have improved vitamin D status in Finnish populations and may explain the lower AD prevalence estimate in Finland compared with Sweden.
“Mandatory vitamin D food fortification of certain foods and dietary supplementation policies may have improved vitamin D status in Finish populations [48,49,50], and may explain the lower prevalence estimate for AD in this country.”
From Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review (2016) · cites this paper as [50]
Cites
Lips, P. (2001) · Endocrine reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv.22.4.0437 · Cited by 2,203 · see citing works
Vitamin D: importance in the prevention of cancers, type 1 diabetes, heart disease, and osteoporosis
Holick, M. F. (2004) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/79.3.362 · Cited by 1,665 · see citing works
Webb, A. R., KLINE, L., & Holick, M. F. (1988) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-67-2-373 · Cited by 1,661 · see citing works
Prevalence of Vitamin D Insufficiency in an Adult Normal Population
Chapuy, M. C., Preziosi, P., Maamer, M., Arnaud, S. B., Galan, P., Herçberg, S., & Meunier, P. J. (1997) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s001980050030 · Cited by 1,438 · see citing works
Vitamin D: a millenium perspective
Holick, M. F. (2003) · Journal of Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1002/jcb.10338 · Cited by 1,319 · see citing works
Vitamin D in preventive medicine: are we ignoring the evidence?
Zittermann, A. (2003) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn2003837 · Cited by 877 · see citing works
SERUM 25-HYDROXYVITAMIN D AND COLON CANCER: EIGHT-YEAR PROSPECTIVE STUDY
Garland, C. F., Garland, F. C., Shaw, E., Comstock, G., Helsing, K. J., & Gorham, E. D. (1989) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(89)91789-3 · Cited by 678 · see citing works
Differences in vitamin D status between countries in young adults and the elderly
McKenna, M. J. (1992) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/0002-9343(92)90682-2 · Cited by 608 · see citing works
1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 Inhibits Angiogenesis In Vitro and In Vivo
Mantell, D. J., Owens, P. E., Bundred, N. J., Mawer, E. B., & Canfield, A. E. (2000) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/01.res.87.3.214 · Cited by 457 · see citing works
Krall, E. A., Sahyoun, N., Tannenbaum, S., Dallal, G. E., & Dawson-Hughes, B. (1989) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198912283212602 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Tangpricha, V., Koutkia, P., Rieke, S. M., Chen, T. C., Perez, A. A., & Holick, M. F. (2003) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/77.6.1478 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D and its determinants in an elderly population sample
Jacques, P. F., Felson, D. T., Tucker, K. L., Mahnken, B., Wilson, P., Rosenberg, I. H., & Rush, D. (1997) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/66.4.929 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Lamberg-Allardt, C. J. E., Outila, T. A., Kärkkäinen, M. U. M., Rita, H. J., & Valsta, L. M. (2001) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1359/jbmr.2001.16.11.2066 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
An ecologic study of dietary and solar ultraviolet‐B links to breast carcinoma mortality rates
Grant, W. B. (2001) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.10196 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Evolution and Function of Vitamin D
Holick, M. F. (2003) · Recent results in cancer research/Recent Results in Cancer Research · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-55580-0_1 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Utiger, R. D. (1998) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199803193381209 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
1 alpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D (calcitriol) inhibits the invasiveness of human prostate cancer cells.
Schwartz, G. G., Wang, M. H., Zang, M., et al. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Antiproliferative Action of Vitamin D
Ylikomi, T. J., Laaksi, I., Lou, Y., MARTIKAINEN, P. M., Miettinen, S., Pennanen, P. T., Purmonen, S., Syvälä, H., Vienonen, A., & Tuohimaam, P. (2002) · Vitamins and hormones · doi:10.1016/s0083-6729(02)64010-5 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Self-citationVitamin D Status as a Determinant of Peak Bone Mass in Young Finnish Men
Välimäki, V., Alfthan, H. V., Lehmuskallio, E., Löyttyniemi, E., Sahi, T., Stenman, U., Suominen, H., & Välimäki, M. J. (2004) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2003-030817 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Harkness, L., & Cromer, B. A. (2004) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s00198-004-1656-8 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
25‐Hydroxyvitamin D 3 is an active hormone in human primary prostatic stromal cells
Lou, Y., Laaksi, I., Syvälä, H., et al. (2003) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.03-0140fje · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Self-citationVitamin D deficiency: time for action
Compston, J. E. (1998) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.317.7171.1466 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
The Photoproduction of 1α,25–Dihydroxyvitamin D3in Skin
Holick, M. F., Uskoković, M. R., Henley, J. W., et al. (1980) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198008143030701 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review
Mazahery, H., Camargo, C., Conlon, C., Beck, K., Kruger, M., & Von Hurst, P. (2016) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu8040236 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
- Authors
- Laaksi, I. T., Ruohola, J.-P. S., Ylikomi, T. J., Auvinen, A., Haataja, R. I., Pihlajamäki, H. K., & Tuohimaa, P. J.
- Affiliations
- Tampere University (FI)
- Finnish Defence Forces (FI)
- Tampere University Hospital (FI)
- Corresponding author
- Laaksi, I T
- Venue
- European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Published
- 2006-02-15
- Volume
- 60
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1035-1038
- ISSN
- 0954-3007 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-5640
- OpenAlex
- W2055679982
- Cited by
- 102
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 4.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Tays
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Vitamin D Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutrition and Health Studies
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Vitamin K Research Studies
- Keywords
- vitamin D fortification, vitamin D insufficiency, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, dairy products, margarine, public health policy, serum vitamin D levels, young men, Finland
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Dairy Products, Finland, Food, Fortified, Humans, Male, Public Health, Seasons, Sunlight, Vitamin D, Vitamin D Deficiency, Treatment Outcome, Bone Density Conservation Agents
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
