The DOI matches its Crossref record; 79 of the 79 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Longitudinal study of skipping breakfast and weight change in adolescents
Abstract
Background Several cross-sectional studies reported that heavier children eat breakfast less often. However, no longitudinal studies have addressed whether skipping breakfast leads to excessive weight gain.Objective To investigate whether skipping breakfast was prospectively associated with changes in body fatness.Methods A cohort of >14000 boys and girls from all over the US, 9- to 14-y-old in 1996, returned annual mailed questionnaires (1996-1999) for the Growing Up Today Study. We analyzed change in body mass index (BMI; kg/m(2)) over three 1-y periods among children who reported breakfast frequency.Results Children who reported that they never eat breakfast had lower energy intakes than those who eat breakfast nearly every day. Children who were more physically active reported higher energy intakes, as did those who reported more time watching television/videos and playing videogames. Like previous studies, skipping breakfast was associated with overweight, cross-sectionally. However, overweight children who never ate breakfast lost BMI over the following year compared to overweight children who ate breakfast nearly every day (boys: -0.66 kg/m(2) (s.e.=0.22); girls: -0.50 kg/m(2) (s.e.=0.14)). But normal weight children who never ate breakfast gained weight relative to peers who ate breakfast nearly every day (boys: +0.21 kg/m(2) (s.e.=0.13); girls: +0.08 kg/m(2) (s.e.=0.05)). Breakfast frequency was positively correlated with self-reported quality of schoolwork.Conclusions Overweight children who never eat breakfast may lose body fat, but normal weight children do not. Since numerous studies link skipping breakfast to poorer academics, children should be encouraged to eat breakfast.
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“Previous studies have indicated that obese people tend to eat less in the morning and more in the evening than do lean controls (10,11,14,15).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Berkey, C. S., Rockett, H. R. H., Gillman, M. W., Field, A. E., & Colditz, G. A.
- Affiliations
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Berkey, C S
- Venue
- International Journal of Obesity
- Published
- 2003-09-26
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1258-1266
- ISSN
- 0307-0565 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-5497
- OpenAlex
- W2131099995
- Cited by
- 362
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 29
- FWCI
- 8.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- International Journal of Obesity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Agriculture
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK-46834, P30DK046200, P30 DK-46200, R01DK046834)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Keywords
- breakfast skipping, breakfast frequency, adolescent weight gain, body mass index, overweight children, energy intake, physical activity, screen time, Growing Up Today Study
- MeSH terms
- Achievement, Adolescent, Body Weight, Child, Eating, Energy Metabolism, Fats, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Obesity, Weight Gain, Exercise, Body Mass Index
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