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Coarse and fine particles and daily mortality in the Coachella Valley, California: a follow-up study
Abstract
Many epidemiological studies provide evidence of an association between ambient particles, measured as PM10, and daily mortality. Most of these studies have been conducted in urban areas where PM10 is highly correlated with and dominated by fine particles less than 2.5 microm in diameter (PM2.5). Fewer studies have investigated impacts associated with the fraction of coarse mode particles (between 2.5 and 10 microm in diameter). In a previous study using data from 1989 through 1992 in the Coachella Valley, a desert resort and retirement area east of Los Angeles, we reported associations between PM10 and several different measures of mortality [Ostro B.D., Hurley S., and Lipsett M.J. Air pollution and daily mortality in the Coachella Valley, California: a study of PM10 dominated by coarse particles. Environ. Res. 1999: 81: 231-238]. In this arid environment, coarse particles of geologic origin are highly correlated with and comprise approximately 60% of PM10, increasing to >90% during wind events. This study was intended to repeat the earlier investigation using 10 years (1989-1998) of daily data on mortality and PM10. The last 2.5 years of data also included daily measures of PM2.5, allowing examination of size-specific impacts. To ensure adequate statistical power, we attempted to develop predictive models for both fine and coarse particles to use in analyses of the full 10-year period. An acceptable fit was found only for coarse particles, which were found to be a cubic function of PM10 (R2 = 0.95). Outcome variables included several measures of daily mortality, including all-cause (minus accidents and homicides), cardiovascular and respiratory mortality. Multivariate Poisson regression analyses using generalized additive models were employed to explain the variation in these endpoints, controlling for temperature, humidity, day of the week, season, and time, using locally weighted smoothing techniques. Pollution lags of up to 4 days were examined. Several pollutants were associated with all-cause mortality, including PM2.5, carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide. More consistent results were found for cardiovascular-specific mortality, for which associations were found for coarse particles (RR = 1.02; 95% C.I., 1.01-1.04), PM10 (RR = 1.03; 95% C.I., 1.01-1.05). None of the pollutants was associated with respiratory-specific mortality. Ozone was not associated with any of the mortality outcomes. These findings are generally consistent with those we previously reported for the Coachella Valley for the period 1989-1992, demonstrating associations between several measures of particulate matter and daily mortality in an environment in which particulate concentrations are dominated by the coarse fraction.
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“The findings on health effects of ambient fine particles (PM2.5) and coarse particles (PM10-2.5) remain inconsistent.”
From Differentiating the effects of fine and coarse particles on daily mortality in Shanghai, China (2007) · cites this paper as Ostro et al. 2000
In the citing paper
“Not surprisingly, findings with PM10-2.5 are thus inconsistent (Brunekreef and Forsberg 2005; Ostro et al. 2000; Ostro et al. 1999; Schwartz and Neas 2000; Smith et al. 2000; Wilson and Suh 1997).”
From Differentiating the effects of fine and coarse particles on daily mortality in Shanghai, China (2007) · cites this paper as Ostro et al. 2000
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“In other areas, coarse particles have a stronger or similar effect.(58) Several studies have found that fine particles from power plants and motor vehicles(59) or industrial sources(60) may be more closely associated with mortality.”
Coarse Particles From Saharan Dust and Daily Mortality
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BackgroundEffect of dust storm events on daily emergency admissions for respiratory diseases
Tam, W., Wong, T. W., Wong, A. H. S., & Hui, D. S. C. (2011) · Respirology · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1843.2011.02056.x · Cited by 127
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“In contrast, Ostro et al (2000) studied daily mortality in relation to particulate air pollution in the Coachella Valley, California, where ‘coarse particles of geologic origin are highly correlated with and comprise approximately 60% of PM10, increasing to >90% during wind events’.”
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“Numerous epidemiologic studies have provided sufficiently convincing evidence that non-accidental mortality, including cardiopulmonary mortality, is associated with exposures to ambient particulate matter (Kan and Chen, 2003; Ostro et al., 2000; Pope et al., 2002; Samet et al., 2000).”
BackgroundA time-series study of air pollution, socioeconomic status, and mortality in Vancouver, Canada
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“This finding is consistent with the results from a time-series study conducted by Ostro et al. (2000) in the Coachella Valley, California.”
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“AIR POLLUTION HAS BEEN DEEMED a major public health issue ever since epidemiological studies have found a linear correlation between the concentration of airborne particulate matter (PM) and mortality associated with respiratory and cardiovascular disorders (18, 21, 22, 50).”
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“5) and particulate matter of aerodynamic diameter between 10 and 2.5 µm (coarse particulate matter or PM10−2.5) on daily mortality or hospital admissions (Schwartz & Neas, 2000; Cifuentes et al., 2000; Schwartz et al., 1996; Ostro et al., 1999, 2000; Gordian et al., 1996; Castillejos et al., 2000).”
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“Exposure to airborne particles can result in a wide range of effects such as increased daily mortality and morbidity in adults (Schwartz et al., 1996; Pope and Kalkstein, 1996; Ostro et al., 2000), breathing difficulties and development of lung cancer (Boffetta and Nyberg, 2003; Vineis and Husgafvel-Pursiainen, 2005).”
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Predicting Primary PM2.5 and PM0.1 Trace Composition for Epidemiological Studies in California
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A two-year assessment of particulate air pollution and sources in Kuwait
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“Some results have also shown an association between PM and cardiovascular and respiratory disease (Oberdorster et al ., 1995; Burnett et al ., 1997; Ostro et al ., 2000; Brunekreef and Forsberg, 2005; Kan et al ., 2007).”
Effect of air pollution on daily morbidity in Karachi, Pakistan
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Classification of carbon in Canadian fly ashes and their implications in the capture of mercury
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Acute effect of fine particulate matter on mortality in three Southeastern states from 2007–2011
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“…(Lin et al., 2002; Castillejos et al., 2000; Gordian et al., 1996), but not with others, which suggest that fine particles are more strongly associated with respiratory admissions than coarse particles (Schwartz & Neas, 2000; Schwartz et al., 1996; Ostro et al., 1999, 2000; Burnett et al., 1997).”
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“The impact of size-segregated PM composition on health is not yet well understood, but it appears that the composition and size of particles play a significant role in the type and severity of health effects caused (Ostro, Broadwin, and Lipsett 2000).”
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“5 and total mortality (Ostro et al. 2000).”
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“In multiple research studies conducted throughout the world, all three PM size fractions have been shown to be associated with adverse impacts (Gilmour et al., 2007; Gordian et al., 1996; Host et al., 2008; Mar et al., 2004; Monn & Becker, 1999; Ostro et al., 2000; Pelucchi et al., 2009).”
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“5 may play an important role in PM-related toxicity (Ostro et al., 2000; Smith et al., 2000; Brunekreef and Forsberg, 2005; Yeatts et al., 2006).”
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“…2001), total mortality (Katsouyanni et al. 2001; Laden et al. 2000; Mar et al. 2000; Wichmann et al. 2000), cardiovascular deaths (Hoek et al. 2001; Ostro et al. 2000), respiratory deaths (Braga et al. 2001; Hoek et al. 2001), elderly deaths (Katsouyanni et al. 2001), asthma in children and the…”
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Dust Storms, Human Health and a Global Early Warning System
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“In order to avoid the influence of these extreme values on estimates of the association as described in epidemiological literature (Ostro et al. 2000; Schwartz 2000; Samet et al. 2000, Middleton et al. 2008; Kan et al. 2007). levels of PM10 over 150 μg/m 3 (1.4 % of days in L/P de Gran Canaria and…”
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“…with increased mortality (Atkinson et al., 2010; Castillejos et al., 2000; Chen et al., 2011; Cifuentes et al., 2000; Mallone et al., 2011; Mar et al., 2000; Meister et al., 2012; Ostro et al., 2000; Ostro et al., 1999; Perez et al., 2008; Staniswalis et al., 2005; Zanobetti and Schwartz, 2009).”
Metadata
- Authors
- OSTRO, B. D., BROADWIN, R., & LIPSETT, M. J.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Corresponding author
- OSTRO, BART D
- Venue
- Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology
- Published
- 2000-10-01
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 412-419
- ISSN
- 1559-0631 (ISSN-L)
- 1559-064X
- OpenAlex
- W1964823917
- Cited by
- 142
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 5 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 2.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Air Quality and Health Impacts
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Indoor Air Quality and Microbial Exposure
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols
- Keywords
- air pollution, PM10, coarse particles, PM2.5, fine particles, daily mortality, cardiovascular mortality, respiratory mortality, all-cause mortality, Coachella Valley, desert environment, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, mortality prediction model, wind events, arid climate, follow-up study
- MeSH terms
- Air Pollutants, California, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cause of Death, Environmental Exposure, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Particle Size, Respiratory Tract Diseases, Weather, Linear Models
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