Ambient endotoxin concentrations in PM10 from Southern California
Open accessAbstract
Concentrations of endotoxin in urban air pollution have not previously been extensively characterized. We measured 24-hr levels of PM10 (particulate matter < 10 microm in aerodynamic diameter) and the associated endotoxin component once every 6 weeks for 1 year in 13 communities in Southern California. All the samples collected had detectable PM10 and endotoxin levels. The geometric mean PM10 was 34.6 microg/m3 [geometric SD (GSD), 2.1; range, 3.0-135]. By volume, the endotoxin geometric mean was 0.44 endotoxin units (EU)/m3 (GSD, 3.1; range, 0.03-5.44). Per unit material collected, the geometric mean of endotoxin collected was 13.6 EU/mg (GSD, 3.2; range, 0.7-96.8). No correlation was found between endotoxin concentrations and other ambient pollutants concurrently measured [ozone, nitrogen dioxide, total acids, or PM2.5 (particulate matter < 2.5 micro m in aerodynamic diameter]. PM10 and endotoxin concentrations were significantly correlated, most strongly in summer. Samples collected in more rural and agricultural areas had lower PM10 and mid-range endotoxin levels. The high desert and mountain communities had lower PM10 levels but endotoxin levels comparable with or higher than the rural agricultural sites. By volume, endotoxin levels were highest at sites downwind of Los Angeles, California, which were also the locations of highest PM10. Endotoxin concentrations measured in this study were all < 5.5 EU/m3, which is lower than recognized thresholds for acute adverse health effects for occupational exposures but in the same range as indoor household concentrations. This study provides the first extensive characterization of endotoxin concentration across a large metropolitan area in relation to PM10 and other pollutant monitoring, and supports the need for studies of the role of endotoxin in childhood asthma in urban settings.
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The outdoor endotoxin measurements exceeded the average outdoor endotoxin measurement of 0.44 EU/m3 from 13 Southern California communities.
“These exceed the average outdoor endotoxin measurements from 13 Southern California communities of 0.44 EU/m3 (Mueller-Anneling et al. 2004).”
From Mold and Endotoxin Levels in the Aftermath of Hurricane Katrina: A Pilot Project of Homes in New Orleans Undergoing Renovation (2006) · cites this paper as Mueller-Anneling et al. 2004
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- Authors
- Mueller-Anneling, L., Avol, E., Peters, J. M., & Thorne, P. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Iowa (US)
- Venue
- Environmental Health Perspectives
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2004-04-01
- Volume
- 112
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 583-588
- ISSN
- 0091-6765 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-9924
- PMC
- PMC1241925
- OpenAlex
- W1964854788
- Cited by
- 161
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 7.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- public-domain
- creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor, 5020 d)
- Locations
- Environmental Health Perspectives (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Iowa Research Online (The University of Iowa) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- Iowa Research Online (University of Iowa) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
- National Institutes of Health (IA 52242, ES05605, ES007048)
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (P30-ES-05605, ES05605, P30ES005605, P30ES007048)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Indoor Air Quality and Microbial Exposure
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Air Quality and Health Impacts
- Keywords
- endotoxin, PM10, particulate matter, urban air pollution, Southern California, seasonal variation, urban-rural gradient, agricultural land, PM2.5, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, childhood asthma
- MeSH terms
- Air Pollutants, California, Climate, Endotoxins, Filtration, Particle Size, Seasons, Urbanization
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