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Production of cytokines following brain injury: beneficial and deleterious for the damaged tissue
Abstract
A profound inflammatory response is initiated immediately following traumatic brain injury (TBI) and is characterized by the release of several cytokines with pro- and anti-inflammatory functions. In order to elucidate which cytokines are released in the human brain in response to injury as well as in the peripheral compartment, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-alpha and TGF-beta were monitored in CSF and serum of severely brain-injured patients. Furthermore, we investigated the possible modulation of systemic reactions by IL-6 and the ability of IL-6 and IL-8 to promote the synthesis of nerve growth factor.
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“Head trauma is known to cause microglial activation and neuroinflammation [498,499,500,501]”
From Revisiting the Pathogenesis of X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy (2025) · cites this paper as [501]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Morganti-Kossman, M. C., Lenzlinger, P. M., Hans, V, Stahel, P., Csuka, E., Ammann, E., Stocker, R., Trentz, O., & Kossmann, T.
- Affiliations
- University Hospital Zurich (CH)
- University of Alabama at Birmingham (US)
- ORCID
- Stocker, R
- Venue
- Molecular Psychiatry
- Published
- 1997-03-01
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 133-136
- ISSN
- 1359-4184 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-5578
- OpenAlex
- W1975908033
- Cited by
- 267
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 6.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Molecular Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Keywords
- traumatic brain injury, cytokines, neuroinflammation, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, interleukin-1, IL-10, TNF-α, TGF-beta, cerebrospinal fluid, serum cytokines, systemic inflammatory response
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Blood-Brain Barrier, Brain Damage, Chronic, Brain Injuries, Cells, Cultured, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Inflammation, Nerve Growth Factors, Interleukin-6, Cytokines, Interleukin-8, Mice, Rats
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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