A Search for Blood Biomarkers for Autism: Peptoids
Open accessAbstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impairments in social interaction and communication and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior. In order to identify individuals with ASD and initiate interventions at the earliest possible age, biomarkers for the disorder are desirable. Research findings have identified widespread changes in the immune system in children with autism, at both systemic and cellular levels. In an attempt to find candidate antibody biomarkers for ASD, highly complex libraries of peptoids (oligo-N-substituted glycines) were screened for compounds that preferentially bind IgG from boys with ASD over typically developing (TD) boys. Unexpectedly, many peptoids were identified that preferentially bound IgG from TD boys. One of these peptoids was studied further and found to bind significantly higher levels (>2-fold) of the IgG1 subtype in serum from TD boys (n = 60) compared to ASD boys (n = 74), as well as compared to older adult males (n = 53). Together these data suggest that ASD boys have reduced levels (>50%) of an IgG1 antibody, which resembles the level found normally with advanced age. In this discovery study, the ASD1 peptoid was 66% accurate in predicting ASD.
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Lower IgG1 levels were found in the serum of boys with ASD, with a negative correlation to communication as scored by the ADI-R.
“These findings are further supported by a recent report of lower IgG1 levels in the serum of boys with ASD, along with a similarly negative correlation to communication as scored by the ADI-R (Zaman et al, 2016).”
From The Role of the Immune System in Autism Spectrum Disorder (2017) · cites this paper as Zaman et al, 2016
The apparent shift in subclass to IgG4 means that children with autism likely have a higher percentage of circulating IgG with inherently lower affinity for antibody receptors on leukocytes.
“the apparent shift in subclass to IgG4 means that children with autism are likely to have a higher percentage of circulating IgG with an inherently lower affinity for the antibody receptors on leukocytes (Enstrom et al, 2009a;Zaman et al, 2016).”
From The Role of the Immune System in Autism Spectrum Disorder (2017) · cites this paper as Zaman et al, 2016
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The Role of the Immune System in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Meltzer, A., & Van de Water, J. (2017) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2016.158 · Cited by 533 · see citing works
- Authors
- Zaman, S., Yazdani, U., Deng, Y., Li, W., Gadad, B. S., Hynan, L., Karp, D., Roatch, N., Schutte, C., Nathan Marti, C., Hewitson, L., & German, D. C.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (US)
- Johnson Center for Child Health and Development (US)
- Corresponding author
- German, Dwight C.
- Venue
- Scientific Reports
- Published
- 2016-01-14
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 19164-19164
- ISSN
- 2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4725892
- OpenAlex
- W2232711046
- Cited by
- 33
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 5
- FWCI
- 3.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Defense (W81XWH, W81XWH-12)
- Simons Foundation
- Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative
- National Institutes of Health (W81XWH)
- National Institute on Aging (P30AG012300, P30AG-12300)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Chemical Synthesis and Analysis
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, blood biomarkers, peptoids, IgG1 antibodies, antibody binding, autism diagnosis
- MeSH terms
- Autism Spectrum Disorder, Autoantibodies, Child, Child, Preschool, Humans, Immunoglobulin G, Male, Protein Binding, Biomarkers, Peptoids
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