Altered gene expression and function of peripheral blood natural killer cells in children with autism
Open accessAbstract
Immune related abnormalities have repeatedly been reported in autism spectrum disorders (ASD), including evidence of immune dysregulation and autoimmune phenomena. NK cells may play an important role in neurodevelopmental disorders such as ASD. Here we performed a gene expression screen and cellular functional analysis on peripheral blood obtained from 52 children with ASD and 27 typically developing control children enrolled in the case-control CHARGE study. RNA expression of NK cell receptors and effector molecules were significantly upregulated in ASD. Flow cytometric analysis of NK cells demonstrated increased production of perforin, granzyme B, and interferon gamma (IFNgamma) under resting conditions in children with ASD (p<0.01). Following NK cell stimulation in the presence of K562 target cells, the cytotoxicity of NK cells was significantly reduced in ASD compared with controls (p<0.02). Furthermore, under similar stimulation conditions the presence of perforin, granzyme B, and IFNgamma in NK cells from ASD children was significantly lower compared with controls (p<0.001). These findings suggest possible dysfunction of NK cells in children with ASD. Abnormalities in NK cells may represent a susceptibility factor in ASD and may predispose to the development of autoimmunity and/or adverse neuroimmune interactions during critical periods of development.
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Multiple studies have replicated abnormal reelin expression in autism, including RELN polymorphisms, decreased Reelin mRNA in superior frontal cortex and cerebellum, and reduced Reelin in blood.
“Several studies have demonstrated abnormal reelin expression in autism and replicated these results; notably, polymorphisms of the RELN gene [140, 141], decreased Reelin mRNA in superior frontal cortex and cerebellum [89], and reduced Reelin expression in blood analyses [143].”
From Consensus Paper: Pathological Role of the Cerebellum in Autism (2012) · cites this paper as [89]
In adult autism, VLDLR is upregulated and Dab-1 is significantly reduced in superior frontal cortex and cerebellum, suggesting impaired Reelin pathway signaling.
“VLDLR is upregulated in the superior frontal cortex and cerebellum in adult patients with autism, while Dab-1 is significantly reduced in these areas [89], suggesting impaired signaling in the Reelin pathway.”
From Consensus Paper: Pathological Role of the Cerebellum in Autism (2012) · cites this paper as [89]
Both Reelin protein levels and PON1 enzymatic activity are significantly reduced in AD individuals compared to controls.
“Both Reelin protein levels and PON1 enzymatic activity (measured as “arylesterase” in these studies) are significantly reduced in AD individuals compared to controls [89, 236–238].”
From Consensus Paper: Pathological Role of the Cerebellum in Autism (2012) · cites this paper as [89]
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- Authors
- Enstrom, A. M., Lit, L., Onore, C. E., Gregg, J. P., Hansen, R. L., Pessah, I. N., Hertz-Picciotto, I., Van de Water, J. A., Sharp, F. R., & Ashwood, P.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Davis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ashwood, Paul
- Venue
- Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-01
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 124-133
- ISSN
- 0889-1591 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2636576
- OpenAlex
- W2051323365
- Cited by
- 257
- References
- 81
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 6.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Brain Behavior and Immunity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (R01ES015359, P01ES011269)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Cell Function and Interaction
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Reproductive System and Pregnancy
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, natural killer cells, NK cell dysfunction, NK cell receptors, perforin, granzyme B, interferon-gamma, NK cell cytotoxicity, immune dysregulation, autoimmunity, neuroimmune interactions, children, gene expression
- MeSH terms
- CX3C Chemokine Receptor 1, Autistic Disorder, Child, Preschool, Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic, Female, Flow Cytometry, Humans, Interferon-gamma, Killer Cells, Natural, Male, Gene Expression, Case-Control Studies, Receptors, Chemokine, K562 Cells, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Granzymes, Perforin, Chemokine CCL4, Receptors, Natural Killer Cell
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