Development of near-zero water consumption cement materials via the geopolymerization of tektites and its implication for lunar construction
Open accessAbstract
The environment on the lunar surface poses some difficult challenges to building long-term lunar bases; therefore, scientists and engineers have proposed the creation of habitats using lunar building materials. These materials must meet the following conditions: be resistant to severe lunar temperature cycles, be stable in a vacuum environment, have minimal water requirements, and be sourced from local Moon materials. Therefore, the preparation of lunar building materials that use lunar resources is preferred. Here, we present a potential lunar cement material that was fabricated using tektite powder and a sodium hydroxide activator and is based on geopolymer technology. Geopolymer materials have the following properties: approximately zero water consumption, resistance to high- and low-temperature cycling, vacuum stability and good mechanical properties. Although the tektite powder is not equivalent to lunar soil, we speculate that the alkali activated activity of lunar soil will be higher than that of tektite because of its low Si/Al composition ratio. This assumption is based on the tektite geopolymerization research and associated references. In summary, this study provides a feasible approach for developing lunar cement materials using a possible water recycling system based on geopolymer technology.
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Geopolymer concretes can be fabricated for Lunar applications containing up to 90% of Lunar regolith.
“Research studies show that geopolymer concretes can be fabricated for Lunar applications containing up to 90% of Lunar regolith [348].”
From A comprehensive review of lunar-based manufacturing and construction (2024) · cites this paper as [348]
The Discussion says lunar regolith could supply 70–80% of the concrete as aggregate and that, if lunar soil can be geopolymerized, more than 90% of the materials could be indigenous lunar materials. It describes lunar concrete fabrication as hypothetical and says the study did not synthesize geopolymers from lunar soil. Thus it does not demonstrate fabrication of concrete containing 90% lunar regolith. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredUsing Wang et al.'s process with a water recycling device, water consumption would be near zero.
“Using this method, water consumption would be near zero [348].”
From A comprehensive review of lunar-based manufacturing and construction (2024) · cites this paper as [348]
Geopolymers have good vacuum stability and radiation shielding properties.
“They also have good vacuum stability [348] as well as radiation shielding properties [119].”
From A comprehensive review of lunar-based manufacturing and construction (2024) · cites this paper as [348]
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“Wang et al. (2016) presented a sustainable model in which most of the water used is recovered and reused after the geopolymer is manufactured from tektites, a round gravel-sized material that has been melted by meteorite impact, ejected up into the atmosphere and then fallen back to Earth [5].”
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Optimizing cementitious mortars for lunar construction: a multi-criteria decision-making approach
Karbala, M. M., Goudarzi, S., Nejati, H. R., & Abedini, M. (2025) · Journal of Sustainable Cement-Based Materials · doi:10.1080/21650373.2025.2558809 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Experimental study on performance of CFRP-strengthened RC beams with geopolymer and epoxy
Liu, B., Liu, J., Wen, Y., Hu, Q., Liu, L., & Zhao, S. (2022) · International Journal of Structural Integrity · doi:10.1108/ijsi-05-2022-0065 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Research and Prospect of In-situ Construction Materials on Mars
Cheng, S., She, W., Gao, Y., Yan, Z. H. O. U., Wen, S., & Zhou, C. (2024) · Chinese Journal of Space Science · doi:10.11728/cjss2024.03.2023-0137 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Current Status of the Technical Development for Recover Mineral Resources on the Moon
Lee, S., & Yoo, K. (2019) · Journal of the Korean Society of Mineral and Energy Resources Engineers · doi:10.32390/ksmer.2019.56.6.665 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Katzer, J., & Kobaka, J. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2495604/v1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Geng, Z., Zhang, L., Wu, Z., Jiale, H., Wang, X., Tan, M., She, W., Zhou, H., & Geng, G. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4777037 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Utilizing Innovative Nanolime-Geopolymer as a Cement for Gas Wells
Mario, A., Salem, S., Tantawy, M., & El-Rammah, S. (2023) · Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference (ADIPEC) · doi:10.2118/217002-ms
Formulating and Testing Nanolime-Geopolymer (NLGP) As A Well-Cementing Material for Gas Wells
Abdelmalek, M., Salem, S. K., Tantawy, M., & El-Rammah, S. (2025) · Egyptian Journal of Petroleum · doi:10.62593/2090-2468.1053
Zhou, Z., Li, S., Hu, G., Wu, J. H., Yao, C., Niu, F., & Chen, J. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5339362
Review of Research on Reinforced Concrete Shell Structure Produced Using an Inflated Form
Mao, X., Xu, Z., Huang, J., Qiu, H., Wang, S., Zheng, Y., & Ye, Z. (2026) · Advances in Civil Engineering · doi:10.1155/adce/9979521
Mechanical Properties of Lunar Concrete: Experimental and Simulation Perspectives
Pilehvar, S., Kassem, A., Osman, E. H., Malik, M. I., Ashkir, S. O., & Kioumarsi, M. (2026) · Lecture notes in civil engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-27698-8_33
Hassan, M. F. Y., Awys, S., & El‐Remaily, M. A. E. A. A. A. (2026) · Journal of Materials Science · doi:10.1007/s10853-026-13424-1
Wang, J., Xiao, F., Li, R., Li, W., Yin, J., Pan, Y., Cai, Y., Ying, Z., & Li, Z. (2026) · Materials & Design · doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2026.117253
- Authors
- Wang, K.-T., Tang, Q., Cui, X.-M., He, Y., & Liu, L.-P.
- Affiliations
- Guangxi University (CN)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Scientific Reports
- Published
- 2016-07-13
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 29659-29659
- ISSN
- 2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4942802
- OpenAlex
- W2466286445
- Cited by
- 79
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 4.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (21566006, 51561135012)
- Division of Graduate Education
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Civil and Structural Engineering › Concrete and Cement Materials Research
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Building and Construction › Innovations in Concrete and Construction Materials
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Earth-Surface Processes › Building materials and conservation
- Keywords
- lunar base construction, lunar regolith, sodium hydroxide activator, water reuse, thermal cycling resistance, vacuum stability, Si/Al ratio, alkali activation
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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