A Formulated TLR7/8 Agonist is a Flexible, Highly Potent and Effective Adjuvant for Pandemic Influenza Vaccines
Open accessAbstract
Since 1997, highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of the H5N1 subtype have been transmitted from avian hosts to humans. The severity of H5N1 infection in humans, as well as the sporadic nature of H5N1 outbreaks, both geographically and temporally, make generation of an effective vaccine a global public health priority. An effective H5N1 vaccine must ultimately provide protection against viruses from diverse clades. Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonist adjuvant formulations have a demonstrated ability to broaden H5N1 vaccine responses in pre-clinical models. However, many of these agonist molecules have proven difficult to develop clinically. Here, we describe comprehensive adjuvant formulation development of the imidazoquinoline TLR-7/8 agonist 3M-052, in combination with H5N1 hemagglutinin (HA) based antigens. We find that 3M-052 in multiple formulations protects both mice and ferrets from lethal H5N1 homologous virus challenge. Furthermore, we conclusively demonstrate the ability of 3M-052 adjuvant formulations to broaden responses to H5N1 HA based antigens, and show that this broadening is functional using a heterologous lethal virus challenge in ferrets. Given the extensive clinical use of imidazoquinoline TLR agonists for other indications, these studies identify multiple adjuvant formulations which may be rapidly advanced into clinical trials in an H5N1 vaccine.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Immune responses in humans may play out over a longer timescale than in mice.
“This suggests that immune responses in humans may play out over a longer timescale (47).”
From The liver as a central "hub" of the immune system: pathophysiological implications (2025) · cites this paper as [47]
The Results and Murine Challenge Studies describe immune responses and challenge timing in mice, while the Discussion also describes responses in ferrets; no page numbers are available in our copy. Searches for human responses, longer timescales, and response kinetics found no passage comparing the timing of immune responses in humans and mice. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAlcohol intake alters the secretion of adipokines including leptin and adiponectin by adipose tissue, activating both KCs and HSCs, resulting in accelerated liver inflammation and fibrosis, respectively.
“Alcohol intake alters the secretion of adipokines including leptin and adiponectin by adipose tissue, activating both KCs and HSCs, resulting in accelerated liver inflammation and fibrosis, respectively (47, 48).”
From The liver as a central "hub" of the immune system: pathophysiological implications (2025) · cites this paper as [47]
The Results passages describe TLR7/8-adjuvanted influenza vaccination and outcomes in mice, not alcohol-related liver disease. Searches for leptin, adiponectin, adipose tissue, Kupffer cells, hepatic stellate cells, inflammation, and fibrosis found no passage addressing the claimed mechanism in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Controlling the False Discovery Rate: A Practical and Powerful Approach to Multiple Testing
Benjamini, Y., & Hochberg, Y. (1995) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology · doi:10.1111/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x · Cited by 109,482 · see citing works
In Vivo Gene Delivery and Stable Transduction of Nondividing Cells by a Lentiviral Vector
Naldini, L., Blömer, U., Gallay, P., Ory, D., Mulligan, R., Gage, F. H., Verma, I. M., & Trono, D. (1996) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.272.5259.263 · Cited by 4,903 · see citing works
Airborne Transmission of Influenza A/H5N1 Virus Between Ferrets
Herfst, S., Schrauwen, E. J. A., Linster, M., Chutinimitkul, S., de Wit, E., Munster, V. J., Sorrell, E. M., Bestebroer, T. M., Burke, D. F., Smith, D. J., et al. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1213362 · Cited by 1,662 · see citing works
Imai, M., Watanabe, T., Hatta, M., Das, S. C., Ozawa, M., Shinya, K., Zhong, G., Hanson, A., Katsura, H., Watanabe, S., et al. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature10831 · Cited by 1,523 · see citing works
Programming the magnitude and persistence of antibody responses with innate immunity
Kasturi, S. P., Skountzou, I., Albrecht, R. A., Koutsonanos, D., Tang, H., Nakaya, H. I., Ravindran, R., Stewart, S. M., Alam, M. S., Kwissa, M., et al. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09737 · Cited by 970 · see citing works
Safety and Immunogenicity of an Inactivated Subvirion Influenza A (H5N1) Vaccine
Treanor, J. J., Campbell, J. D., Zangwill, K. M., Rowe, T., & Wolff, M. (2006) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa055778 · Cited by 698 · see citing works
Lynn, G. M., Laga, R., Darrah, P. A., Ishizuka, A. S., Balaci, A. J., Dulcey, A. E., Pechar, M., Pola, R., Gerner, M. Y., Yamamoto, A., et al. (2015) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.3371 · Cited by 441 · see citing works
Khurana, S., Verma, N., Yewdell, J. W., Hilbert, A. K., Castellino, F., Lattanzi, M., Giudice, G. D., Rappuoli, R., & Golding, H. (2011) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3002336 · Cited by 357 · see citing works
BLACK, S. B., Nicolay, U., Vesikari, T., Knuf, M., Giudice, G. D., Cioppa, G. D., Tsai, T. F., Clemens, R. L., & Rappuoli, R. (2011) · The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal · doi:10.1097/inf.0b013e3182367662 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
Safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant hemagglutinin vaccine for H5 influenza in humans
Treanor, J. J., Wilkinson, B. E., Masseoud, F., Hu‐Primmer, J., Battaglia, R., O’Brien, D., Wolff, M., Rabinovich, G., Blackwelder, W. C., & Katz, J. M. (2001) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/s0264-410x(00)00395-9 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
O’Hagan, D. T. (2007) · Expert Review of Vaccines · doi:10.1586/14760584.6.5.699 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Landry, N., Ward, B., Trépanier, S., Montomoli, E., Dargis, M., Lapini, G., & Vézina, L. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0015559 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Khurana, S., Chearwae, W., Castellino, F., Manischewitz, J. F., King, L. R., Honorkiewicz, A., Rock, M. T., Edwards, K. M., Giudice, G. D., Rappuoli, R., et al. (2010) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3000624 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
The use of Toll-like receptor 7/8 agonists as vaccine adjuvants
Vasilakos, J. P., & Tomai, M. A. (2013) · Expert Review of Vaccines · doi:10.1586/14760584.2013.811208 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Self-citationH5N1 Hybrid Viruses Bearing 2009/H1N1 Virus Genes Transmit in Guinea Pigs by Respiratory Droplet
Zhang, Y., Zhang, Q., Kong, H., Jiang, Y., Gao, Y., Deng, G., Shi, J., Tian, G., Liu, L., Liu, J., et al. (2013) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1229455 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Alving, C. R., Peachman, K. K., Rao, M., & Reed, S. G. (2012) · Current Opinion in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.coi.2012.03.008 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Self-citationSmirnov, D., Schmidt, J., Capecchi, J. T., & Wightman, P. D. (2011) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.05.061 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Natural history of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1
Sonnberg, S., Webby, R. J., & Webster, R. G. (2013) · Virus Research · doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2013.05.009 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Moris, P., der Most, R. G. V., Leroux‐Roels, I., Clément, F., Dramé, M., Hanon, E., Leroux-Roels, G. G., & Mechelen, M. V. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1007/s10875-010-9490-6 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Immunological assessment of influenza vaccines and immune correlates of protection
Reber, A., & Katz, J. M. (2013) · Expert Review of Vaccines · doi:10.1586/erv.13.35 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
An update on safety and immunogenicity of vaccines containing emulsion-based adjuvants
Fox, C. B., & Haensler, J. (2013) · Expert Review of Vaccines · doi:10.1586/14760584.2013.811188 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Self-citationReproducibility of Serologic Assays for Influenza Virus A (H5N1)
Stephenson, I., Heath, A., Major, D., Newman, R. W., Höschler, K., Wang, J., Katz, J. M., Weir, J. P., Zambon, M. C. F. A., & Wood, J. (2009) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid1508.081754 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Goff, P. H., Hayashi, T., Martínez‐Gil, L., Corr, M., Crain, B., Yao, S., Cottam, H. B., Chan, M., Ramos, I., Eggink, D., et al. (2015) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.03337-14 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Imiquimod in cervical, vaginal and vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia: A review
de Witte, C. J., van de Sande, A. J. M., van Beekhuizen, H. J., Koeneman, M. M., Kruse, A., & Gerestein, C. G. (2015) · Gynecologic Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2015.08.018 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
The emergence and diversification of panzootic H5N1 influenza viruses
Guan, Y., & Smith, G. J. D. (2013) · Virus Research · doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2013.05.012 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Targeting TLRs Expands the Antibody Repertoire in Response to a Malaria Vaccine
Wiley, S. R., Raman, V. S., Desbien, A. L., Bailor, H. R., Bhardwaj, R., Shakri, A. R., Reed, S. G., Chitnis, C. E., & Carter, D. (2011) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3002135 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Self-citationKulkarni, R. R., Rasheed, M. A. U., Bhaumik, S. K., Ranjan, P., Cao, W., Davis, C. W., Marisetti, K., Thomas, S., Gangappa, S., Sambhara, S. R., et al. (2014) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.02273-14 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Adjuvant solution for pandemic influenza vaccine production
Clegg, C. H., Roque, R., Hoeven, N. V., Perrone, L. A., Baldwin, S. L., Rininger, J. A., Bowen, R. A., & Reed, S. G. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1207308109 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Self-citationBelshe, R. B., Frey, S. E., Graham, I., Mulligan, M. J., Edupuganti, S., Jackson, L. A., Wald, A., Poland, G., Jacobson, R., Keyserling, H. L., et al. (2011) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiq093 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Orr, M. T., Kramer, R. M., Barnes, L., V, Dowling, Q. M., Desbien, A. L., Beebe, E. A., Laurance, J. D., Fox, C. B., Reed, S. G., Coler, R. N., et al. (2014) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.12.025 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationVesikari, T., Forstén, A., Herbinger, K., Cioppa, G. D., Beygo, J., Borkowski, A., Groth, N., Bennati, M., & von Sonnenburg, F. (2011) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.12.009 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Immunogenicity of Avian Influenza A/Anhui/01/2005(H5N1) Vaccine With MF59 Adjuvant
Belshe, R. B., Frey, S. E., Graham, I. L., Anderson, E. L., Jackson, L. A., Spearman, P. W., Edupuganti, S., Mulligan, M. J., Rouphael, N., Winokur, P. L., et al. (2014) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2014.12609 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Shah, R. R., Dodd, S., Schaefer, M. E., Ugozzoli, M., Singh, M., Otten, G. R., Amiji, M. M., O’Hagan, D. T., & Brito, L. A. (2015) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1002/jps.24337 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Khurana, S., Coyle, E. M., Dimitrova, M., Castellino, F., Nicholson, K. G., Giudice, G. D., & Golding, H. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0095496 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Zhang, J., Li, C., To, K. K., Zhu, H., Lee, A. C.-Y., Li, C., Chan, J. F., Hung, I. F., & Yuen, K. (2014) · Clinical and Vaccine Immunology · doi:10.1128/cvi.00816-13 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Schneider-Ohrum, K., Giles, B. M., Weirback, H. K., Williams, B. L., DeAlmeida, D. R., & Ross, T. M. (2011) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.09.051 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Ichinohe, T., Ainai, A., Ami, Y., Nagata, N., Iwata, N., Kawaguchi, A., Suzaki, Y., Odagiri, T., Tashiro, M., Takahashi, H., et al. (2010) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.21824 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Liu, G., Song, L., Reiserová, L., Trivedi, U., Li, H., Liu, X., Noah, D. L., Hou, F., Weaver, B., & Tussey, L. (2012) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.09.013 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
GLA-AF, an Emulsion-Free Vaccine Adjuvant for Pandemic Influenza
Clegg, C. H., Roque, R., Perrone, L. A., Rininger, J. A., Bowen, R. A., & Reed, S. G. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0088979 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationWang, W., Xie, H., Ye, Z., Vassell, R. A., & Weiss, C. D. (2010) · Journal of Virological Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.02.009 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Pedersen, G. K., Höschler, K., Solbak, S. M. Ø., Bredholt, G., Pathirana, R. D., Afsar, A., Breakwell, L., Nøstbakken, J. K., Raae, A. J., Brokstad, K. A., et al. (2014) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.06.009 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Garcia, J., Lagarde, N., Edward, S. K., de Jong, M. D., & Peiris, M. J. S. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Virology · doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2009.10.009 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Miyaki, C., Quintilio, W., Miyaji, E. N., Botosso, V. F., Kubrusly, F. S., Santos, F. L., Iourtov, D., Higashi, H. G., & Raw, I. (2010) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.01.044 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Bihari, I., Pánczél, G., Kovács, J., Beygo, J., & Fragapane, E. (2012) · Clinical and Vaccine Immunology · doi:10.1128/cvi.00373-12 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Gillard, P. H., Caplanusi, A., Knuf, M., Roman, F. P., Walravens, K., Moris, P., Dramé, M., & Schwarz, T. F. (2012) · Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses · doi:10.1111/j.1750-2659.2012.00349.x · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Chen, W. H., Jackson, L. A., Edwards, K. M., Keitel, W. A., Hill, H., Noah, D. L., Creech, C. B., Patel, S. M., Mangal, B., & Kotloff, K. L. (2014) · Open Forum Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/ofid/ofu091 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Lai, C.-H., Tang, N., Jan, J., Huang, M., Lu, C., Chiang, B., Huang, L., & Wu, S. (2015) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.03.082 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Improving pandemic H5N1 influenza vaccines by combining different vaccine platforms
Luke, C. J., & Subbarao, K. (2014) · Expert Review of Vaccines · doi:10.1586/14760584.2014.922416 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Kosalaraksa, P., Jeanfreau, R. J., Frenette, L., Dramé, M., Madariaga, M. G., Innis, B. L., Godeaux, O., Izurieta, P., & Vaughn, D. W. (2014) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiu548 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Desbien, A. L., Hoeven, N. V., Reed, J., Casey, A. C., Laurance, J. D., Baldwin, S. L., Duthie, M. S., Reed, S. G., & Carter, D. (2013) · BioTechniques · doi:10.2144/000114041 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationPersistence of Antibody to Influenza A/H5N1 Vaccine Virus: Impact of AS03 Adjuvant
Chen, W. H., Jackson, L. A., Edwards, K. M., Keitel, W. A., Hill, H., Noah, D. L., Creech, C. B., Patel, S. M., Mangal, B., & Kotloff, K. L. (2015) · Clinical and Vaccine Immunology · doi:10.1128/cvi.00475-15 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Czajka, H., Ünal, S., Ulusoy, S., Usluer, G., Strus, A., Sennaroğlu, E., Guzik, J., Iskit, A. T., Dargiewicz, A., Musial, D., et al. (2012) · PubMed · Cited by 21 · see citing works
The avian influenza vaccine Emerflu. Why did it fail?
Young, B. E., Sadarangani, S. P., & Leo, Y. (2015) · Expert Review of Vaccines · doi:10.1586/14760584.2015.1059760 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
池野, 大., Kimachi, K., Kino, Y., Harada, S., Yoshida, K., Tochihara, S., Itamura, S., Odagiri, T., Tashiro, M., Okada, K., et al. (2009) · Microbiology and Immunology · doi:10.1111/j.1348-0421.2009.00191.x · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Nolan, T. M., Izurieta, P., Lee, B.-W., Chan, P. C., Marshall, H. S., Booy, R., Dramé, M., & Vaughn, D. W. (2014) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiu359 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Díez‐Domingo, J., Baldó, J.-M., Planelles‐Catarino, M. V., Garcés‐Sánchez, M., Ubeda, I., Jubert, A., Marés, J., Garcı́a-Corbeira, P., Moris, P., Teko, M., et al. (2015) · Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses · doi:10.1111/irv.12295 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Yang, P., Tang, C., Luo, D., Zhan, Z., Xing, L., Duan, Y., Jia, W., Peng, D., Liu, X., & Wang, X. (2010) · Veterinary Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.03.024 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Stăvaru, C., Onu, A., Lupulescu, E., Ţucureanu, C., Raşid, O., Vlase, E., Coman, C., Caraș, I., Ghiorghisor, A., Berbecila, L., et al. (2015) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/21645515.2015.1111495 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationGodeaux, O., Izurieta, P., Madariaga, M. G., Dramé, M., Li, P., & Vaughn, D. W. (2014) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.07.062 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Cox, F., Roos, A., Hafkemeijer, N., Baart, M., Tolboom, J. T. B. M., Dekking, L., Stittelaar, K. J., Goudsmit, J., Radošević, K., & Saeland, E. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0135723 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
A phase II study of an investigational tetravalent influenza vaccine formulation combining MF59®
Herbinger, K., von Sonnenburg, F., Nothdurft, H. D., Perona, P., Borkowski, A., Fragapane, E., Nicolay, U., & Clemens, R. L. (2013) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.4161/hv.26495 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Assessment of Prime-boost Vaccination Using an AS03B-adjuvanted Influenza A (H5N1) Vaccine
Izurieta, P., Uy-Aragon, M. J., Dramé, M., & Vaughn, D. W. (2015) · The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal · doi:10.1097/inf.0000000000000968 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Stockpiling prepandemic influenza vaccines: a new cornerstone of pandemic preparedness plans.
Jennings, L. C., Monto, A. S., Chan, P. K. S., Szucs, T. D., & Nicholson, K. G. (2008) · PubMed · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(08)70232-9 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Emerging concepts in the science of vaccine adjuvants
Pulendran, B., Arunachalam, P. S., & O’Hagan, D. T. (2021) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41573-021-00163-y · Cited by 1,417 · see citing works
New horizons in adjuvants for vaccine development
Reed, S. G., Tomai, M. A., & Gale, M. (2020) · Current Opinion in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.coi.2020.08.008 · Cited by 555 · see citing works
Self-citationImmune-mediated approaches against COVID-19
Florindo, H. F., Kleiner, R., Vaskovich‐Koubi, D., Acúrcio, R. C., Carreira, B., Yeini, E., Tiram, G., Liubomirski, Y., & Satchi‐Fainaro, R. (2020) · Nature Nanotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41565-020-0732-3 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
Next-generation influenza vaccines: opportunities and challenges
Wei, C., Crank, M. C., Shiver, J. W., Graham, B. S., Mascola, J. R., & Nabel, G. J. (2020) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41573-019-0056-x · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Mullins, S., Vasilakos, J. P., Deschler, K., Grigsby, I. F., Gillis, P. A., John, J., Elder, M. J., Swales, J. G., Timosenko, E., Cooper, Z. A., et al. (2019) · Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer · doi:10.1186/s40425-019-0724-8 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Self-citationTargeted selection of HIV-specific antibody mutations by engineering B cell maturation
Saunders, K. O., Wiehe, K. J., Tian, M., Acharya, P., Bradley, T., Alam, S. M., Go, E. P., Scearce, R. M., Sutherland, L. L., Henderson, R. C., et al. (2019) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aay7199 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Self-citationRecent Advances in the Discovery and Delivery of TLR7/8 Agonists as Vaccine Adjuvants
Dowling, D. J. (2018) · ImmunoHorizons · doi:10.4049/immunohorizons.1700063 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Mild Innate Immune Activation Overrides Efficient Nanoparticle‐Mediated RNA Delivery
Lokugamage, M. P., Gan, Z., Zurla, C., Levin, J., Islam, F. Z., Kalathoor, S., Sato, M., Sago, C. D., Santangelo, P. J., & Dahlman, J. E. (2020) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201904905 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Patinote, C., Karroum, N. B., Moarbess, G., Cirnat, N., Kassab, I., Bonnet, P., & Deleuze‐Masquéfa, C. (2020) · European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112238 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Advances in Infectious Disease Vaccine Adjuvants
Fan, J., Jin, S., Gilmartin, L., Tóth, I., Hussein, W. M., & Stephenson, R. J. (2022) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines10071120 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Peptide-based vaccine for cancer therapies
Buonaguro, L., & Tagliamonte, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1210044 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Non-viral nano-immunotherapeutics targeting tumor microenvironmental immune cells
Yong, S., Chung, J. Y., Song, Y., Kim, J., Ra, S., & Kim, Y. (2019) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119401 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Huppertsberg, A., Kaps, L., Zhong, Z., Schmitt, S., Stickdorn, J., Deswarte, K., Combes, F., Czysch, C., Vrieze, J. D., Kasmi, S., et al. (2021) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.1c03772 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Johnson, M. B., Chandler, M. R., & Afonin, K. A. (2021) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2021.04.011 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Viruses Seen by Our Cells: The Role of Viral RNA Sensors
Said, E. A., Tremblay, N., Al-Balushi, M. S., Al-Jabri, A. A., & Lamarre, D. (2018) · Journal of Immunology Research · doi:10.1155/2018/9480497 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Miller, S. M., Cybulski, V., Whitacre, M., Bess, L. S., Livesay, M. T., Walsh, L. M., Burkhart, D. J., Bazin, H. G., & Evans, J. T. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.00406 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
The liver as a central "hub" of the immune system: pathophysiological implications
Ronca, V., Gerussi, A., Collins, P., Parente, A., Oo, Y. H., & Invernizzi, P. (2025) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00004.2023 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Nakajima, R., Supnet, M., Jasinskas, A., Jain, A., Taghavian, O., Obiero, J. M., Milton, D. K., Chen, W. H., Grantham, M. L., Webby, R. J., et al. (2018) · mSphere · doi:10.1128/msphere.00592-18 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationSeydoux, E., Liang, H., Cauwelaert, N. D., Archer, M. C., Rintala, N. D., Kramer, R. M., Carter, D., Fox, C. B., & Orr, M. T. (2018) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1701604 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationSelecting and Using the Appropriate Influenza Vaccine for Each Individual
Sekiya, T., Ohno, M., Nomura, N., Handabile, C., Shingai, M., Jackson, D. C., Brown, L. E., & Kida, H. (2021) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v13060971 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Combination and inducible adjuvants targeting nucleic acid sensors
Temizoz, B., Kuroda, E., & Ishii, K. J. (2018) · Current Opinion in Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.coph.2018.05.003 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Lynn, G. M., Chytil, P., Francica, J. R., Lagová, A., Kueberuwa, G., Ishizuka, A. S., Zaidi, N., Ramirez-Valdez, R. A., Blobel, N. J., Baharom, F., et al. (2019) · Biomacromolecules · doi:10.1021/acs.biomac.8b01473 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Saunders, K. O., Edwards, R. J., Tilahun, K., Manne, K., Lu, X., Cain, D. W., Wiehe, K. J., Williams, W. B., Mansouri, K., Hernandez, G. E., et al. (2022) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.abo5598 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationAdjuvantation of Influenza Vaccines to Induce Cross-Protective Immunity
Li, Z., Zhao, Y., Li, Y., & Chen, X. (2021) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines9020075 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Development of Peptide Vaccines in Dengue
Reginald, K., Chan, Y., Plebanski, M., & Poh, C. L. (2018) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/1381612823666170913163904 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Cytosolic nucleic acid sensing as driver of critical illness: mechanisms and advances in therapy
Chen, Z., Behrendt, R., Wild, L., Schlee, M., & Bode, C. (2025) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-025-02174-2 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Abhyankar, M. M., Orr, M. T., Lin, S. X., Suraju, M. O., Simpson, A., Blust, M., Pham, T., Guderian, J. A., Tomai, M. A., Elvecrog, J., et al. (2018) · npj Vaccines · doi:10.1038/s41541-018-0060-x · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationHarnessing the Complete Repertoire of Conventional Dendritic Cell Functions for Cancer Immunotherapy
Amon, L., Hatscher, L., Heger, L., Dudziak, D., & Lehmann, C. H. K. (2020) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics12070663 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Singh, S., Ramírez-Salazar, E. G., Doueiri, R., Valentin, A., Rosati, M., Hu, X., Keele, B. F., Shen, X., Tomaras, G. D., Ferrari, G., et al. (2018) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.00281-18 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationRNA is taking its Toll: Impact of RNA‐specific Toll‐like receptors on health and disease
Vierbuchen, T., Stein, K., & Heine, H. (2018) · Allergy · doi:10.1111/all.13680 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Promising Adjuvants and Platforms for Influenza Vaccine Development
Zhu, W., Dong, C., Wei, L., & Wang, B. (2021) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics13010068 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
In Vitro Transcribed mRNA Vaccines with Programmable Stimulation of Innate Immunity
Loomis, K. H., Lindsay, K. E., Zurla, C., Bhosle, S. M., Vanover, D. A., Blanchard, E. L., Kirschman, J. L., Bellamkonda, R. V., & Santangelo, P. J. (2018) · Bioconjugate Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00443 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
αv Integrins regulate germinal center B cell responses through noncanonical autophagy
Raso, F., Sagadiev, S., Du, S. W., Gage, E., Arkatkar, T., Metzler, G., Stuart, L. M., Orr, M. T., Rawlings, D. J., Jackson, S. W., et al. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci99597 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
The quest for a nanoparticle-based vaccine inducing broad protection to influenza viruses
Bolduc, M., Baz, M., Laliberté-Gagné, M.-È., Carignan, D., Garneau, C., Russell, A., Boivin, G., Savard, P. E., & Leclerc, D. (2018) · Nanomedicine Nanotechnology Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.nano.2018.08.010 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Comparison of adjuvants to optimize influenza neutralizing antibody responses
Rudicell, R. S., Garinot, M., Kanekiyo, M., Kamp, H. D., Swanson, K. A., Chou, T.-H. W., Dai, S., Bedel, O., Simard, D., Gillespie, R. A., et al. (2019) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.08.030 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Hoeven, N. V., Wiley, S. R., Gage, E., Fiore-Gartland, A. J., Granger, B., Gray, S. A., Fox, C. B., Clements, D. E., Parks, D. E., Winram, S. B., et al. (2018) · npj Vaccines · doi:10.1038/s41541-018-0077-1 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationBBIQ, a pure TLR7 agonist, is an effective influenza vaccine adjuvant
Kaushik, D., Dhingra, S., Patil, M. T., Piplani, S., Khanna, V., Honda‐Okubo, Y., Li, L., Fung, J., Sakala, I. G., Salunke, D. B., et al. (2020) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/21645515.2019.1710409 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
The antibody landscapes following AS03 and MF59 adjuvanted H5N1 vaccination
Goll, J. B., Jain, A., Jensen, T. L., de Assis, R., Nakajima, R., Jasinskas, A., Coughlan, L., Cherikh, S. R., Gelber, C. E., Khan, S., et al. (2022) · npj Vaccines · doi:10.1038/s41541-022-00524-7 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationLatest Advances in Small Molecule TLR 7/8 Agonist Drug Research
McGowan, D. C. (2019) · Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/1568026619666191009165418 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Influenza Vaccines: Current Status, Adjuvant Strategies, and Efficacy
Mokalla, V. R., Gundarapu, S., Kaushik, R. S., Rajput, M., & Tummala, H. (2025) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines13090962 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Next-Generation Influenza HA Immunogens and Adjuvants in Pursuit of a Broadly Protective Vaccine
Nagashima, K. A., & Mousa, J. J. (2021) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v13040546 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Hernandez‐Davies, J. E., Felgner, J. H., Strohmeier, S., Pone, E. J., Jain, A., Jan, S., Nakajima, R., Jasinskas, A., Strahsburger, E., Krammer, F., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.692151 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationKhandhar, A. P., Liang, H., Simpson, A., Reed, S. G., Carter, D., Fox, C. B., & Orr, M. T. (2020) · Nanoscale · doi:10.1039/c9nr09936k · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationDendritic Cells in the Cross Hair for the Generation of Tailored Vaccines
Gornati, L., Zanoni, I., & Granucci, F. (2018) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.01484 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Auderset, F., Belnoue, E., Mastelic-Gavillet, B., Lambert, P., & Siegrist, C. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.580974 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Short, K. K., Lathrop, S. K., Davison, C. J., Partlow, H. A., Kaiser, J. A., Tee, R. D., Lorentz, E. B., Evans, J. T., & Burkhart, D. J. (2022) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics14071455 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
A lipidated TLR7/8 adjuvant enhances the efficacy of a vaccine against fentanyl in mice
Miller, S. M., Crouse, B., Hicks, L. D., Amin, H. H., Cole, S. L., Bazin, H. G., Burkhart, D. J., Pravetoni, M., & Evans, J. T. (2023) · npj Vaccines · doi:10.1038/s41541-023-00694-y · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Burton, S. L., Spicer, L. M., Charles, T. P., Gangadhara, S., Reddy, P. B. J., Styles, T. M., Velu, V., Kasturi, S. P., Legere, T. H., Hunter, E., et al. (2019) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.01846-18 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Evans, J. T., Bess, L. S., Mwakwari, S. C., Livesay, M. T., Li, Y., Cybulski, V., Johnson, D. A., & Bazin, H. G. (2019) · ACS Omega · doi:10.1021/acsomega.9b02138 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Toll-Like Receptors 7/8: A Paradigm for the Manipulation of Immunologic Reactions for Immunotherapy
Li, F., Song, B., Zhou, W.-F., & Chu, L.-J. (2023) · Viral Immunology · doi:10.1089/vim.2023.0077 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Khan, S., Jain, A., Taghavian, O., Nakajima, R., Jasinskas, A., Supnet, M., Felgner, J. H., Davies, J., de Assis, R. R., Jan, S., et al. (2019) · Journal of Visualized Experiments · doi:10.3791/59973 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationKayesh, M. E. H., Kohara, M., & Tsukiyama–Kohara, K. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25115909 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Vaccine adjuvant activity of emulsified oils from species of the Pinaceae family
Fox, C. B., Hoeven, N. V., Granger, B., Lin, S. X., Guderian, J. A., Hartwig, A. E., Marlenee, N. L., Bowen, R. A., Soultanov, V., & Carter, D. (2019) · Phytomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2019.152927 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationImmunomodulation as a Novel Strategy for Prevention and Treatment of Bordetella spp. Infections
Gestal, M. C., Johnson, H. M., & Harvill, E. T. (2019) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.02869 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
GI-19007, a Novel Saccharomyces cerevisiae-Based Therapeutic Vaccine against Tuberculosis
King, T. H., Shanley, C. A., Guo, Z., Bellgrau, D., Rodell, T. C., Furney, S. K., Henao-Tamayo, M. I., & Orme, I. M. (2017) · Clinical and Vaccine Immunology · doi:10.1128/cvi.00245-17 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Wang, J., Li, D., Perry, S., Hilchey, S. P., Wiltse, A., Treanor, J. J., Sangster, M. Y., & Zand, M. S. (2021) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.00449-21 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Crofts, K. F., Page, C. L., Swedik, S. M., Holbrook, B. C., Meyers, A. K., Zhu, X., Parsonage, D., Westcott, M. M., & Alexander‐Miller, M. A. (2023) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines11071261 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
3M‐052 as an adjuvant for a PLGA microparticle‐based Leishmania donovani recombinant protein vaccine
Wang, Q., Barry, M. A., Seid, C. A., Hudspeth, E. M., McAtee, C. P., & Heffernan, M. J. (2017) · Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B Applied Biomaterials · doi:10.1002/jbm.b.33965 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
McClary, W. D., Brandt, D. S., Jennewein, M. F., Singh, J., Beaver, S., Ykema, M., Press, C., Melief, E. H., Bakken, J., Fusco, P., et al. (2025) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2025.114054 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationMauriello, A., Manolio, C., Cavalluzzo, B., Avallone, A., Borrelli, M., Morabito, A., Iovine, E., Chambery, A., Russo, R., Tornesello, M. L., et al. (2020) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-020-02218-x · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Rational Design and In Vivo Characterization of Vaccine Adjuvants
Schmidt, S., Pedersen, G. K., & Christensen, D. (2018) · ILAR Journal · doi:10.1093/ilar/ily018 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Lathrop, S. K., Clark, J. J., Siram, K., Andreata‐Santos, R., Yong, J. S., Tee, R. D., Davison, C. J., Singh, G., Burkhart, D. J., Krammer, F., et al. (2024) · npj Viruses · doi:10.1038/s44298-024-00038-0 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The TLR7/8 agonist INI-4001 enhances the immunogenicity of a Powassan virus-like-particle vaccine
Crawford, M. W., Abdelwahab, W., Siram, K., Parkins, C. J., Harrison, H. F., Stone, E. T., Osman, S. R., Schweitzer, D., Burkhart, D. J., Pinto, A. K., et al. (2025) · npj Vaccines · doi:10.1038/s41541-025-01215-9 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Priming antibody responses to the fusion peptide in rhesus macaques
Cottrell, C. A., Pratap, P. P., Cirelli, K. M., Carnathan, D. G., Enemuo, C. A., Antanasijevic, A., Ozorowski, G., Sewall, L. M., Gao, H., Allen, J. D., et al. (2024) · npj Vaccines · doi:10.1038/s41541-024-00918-9 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Hamid, F. A. A. A., Le, N. N., Song, D., Amin, H. H., Hicks, L. D., Bird, S., Siram, K., Hoppe, B. K., Demeler, B., Evans, J. T., et al. (2025) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2025.113901 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Machtakova, M., Wirsching, S., Gehring, S., Landfester, K., & Thérien‐Aubin, H. (2021) · Journal of Materials Chemistry B · doi:10.1039/d1tb01368h · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Ykema, M., Davis, M. A., Kasal, D. N., Jennewein, M. F., Lo, E., Singh, J., Beaver, S., Cross, N., Melief, E. H., Reed, S., et al. (2026) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-64829-6 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationKhan, S., Jain, A., Taghavian, O., Nakajima, R., Jasinskas, A., Supnet, M., Felgner, J. H., Davies, J., de Assis, R. R., Jan, S., et al. (2019) · Journal of Visualized Experiments · doi:10.3791/59973-v · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationYkema, M., Davis, M. A., Kasal, D. N., Jennewein, M. F., Lo, E. Y. W., Singh, J., Beaver, S., Cross, N., Melief, E. H., Reed, S., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.01.07.631792 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationSystemically inoculated adjuvants stimulate pDC-dependent IgA response in local site
Sasaki, E., Asanuma, H., Momose, H., Furuhata, K., Mizukami, T., Matsumura, T., Takahashi, Y., & Hamaguchi, I. (2023) · Mucosal Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.mucimm.2023.03.003 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Immunogenicity of a recombinant plant-produced respiratory syncytial virus F subunit vaccine in mice
Pisuttinusart, N., Shanmugaraj, B., Srisaowakarn, C., Ketloy, C., Prompetchara, E., Thitithanyanont, A., & Phoolcharoen, W. (2023) · Biotechnology Reports · doi:10.1016/j.btre.2023.e00826 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Carter, D., Duthie, M. S., & Reed, S. G. (2018) · Current topics in microbiology and immunology · doi:10.1007/82_2018_112 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationFemale Antibodies Go the Distance against Influenza Viruses
Good, M. R., & Guthmiller, J. J. (2022) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.02106-22 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Immunogenicity of Recombinant Lipid-Based Nanoparticle Vaccines: Danger Signal vs. Helping Hand
Temchura, V., Wagner, J. T., & Damm, D. (2023) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics16010024 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Toll-Like Receptor 7/8 Antagonist Promotes Interleukin-10-Mediated Anti-inflammatory Therapy
Funk, G. A., Xie, J., Kucaba, T. A., Griffith, T. S., Ferguson, D. M., & Kim, H. (2025) · ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science · doi:10.1021/acsptsci.5c00604 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Misra, B., Hughes, K. A., & Bobbala, S. K. R. (2023) · AAPS advances in the pharmaceutical sciences series · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-39020-3_10 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Development of COVID-19 Recombinant Subunit Vaccine and Adjuvant
<p>Xin Zhao<sup>1</sup>, L. W. (2022) · Frontiers in Medical Science Research · doi:10.25236/fmsr.2022.041206 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Immunoreactivity, Vaccine Development, and Therapeutics
Elawar, F., Götte, M., Lee, N. L. S., Fearns, R., & Marchant, D. (2021) · Methods and principles in medicinal chemistry · doi:10.1002/9783527810697.ch4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
McClary, W. D., Brandt, D. S., Jennewein, M. F., Singh, J., Beaver, S., Ykema, M., Press, C., Melief, E. H., Bakken, J., Fusco, P., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.03.31.646478 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationDelivery of immunomodulatory miRNAs using genetically modified influenza viruses
Xia, Y. (2017) · Figshare
Focusing antibody responses to the fusion peptide in rhesus macaquesPreprint
Cottrell, C. A., Pratap, P. P., Cirelli, K. M., Carnathan, D. G., Enemuo, C. A., Antanasijevic, A., Ozorowski, G., Sewall, L. M., Gao, H., Greene, K., et al. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.06.26.545779
Lourenço, F. D., Teixeira, J. V. L., de Moura, G. A., Rocha, Y. M., Rodrigues, J. P. V., Oliveira, J. R., Pinheiro, C. V. G., Nicolete, L. D. D. F., & Nicolete, R. (2024) · Current Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/0109298673306158240620071438
Richardson, R. A., Moon, C., Sands, C. M., Nelson, R., Christensen, D. J., Davenport, G. J., Owens, D. E., & Ross, T. M. (2025) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.128028
Ginet, V., Garapon, C., Coiffier, C., Salvi, J.-P., Ayad, C., Djebali, S., Paul, S., Sohier, J., Vidalain, P., & Verrier, B. (2026) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2026.115271
Immunological Basis of Vaccine Adjuvants: From Licensed Platforms to Next-Generation Design
Kim, S., Kim, D., & Jang, Y. (2026) · Immune Network · doi:10.4110/in.2026.26.e37
- Authors
- Van Hoeven, N., Fox, C. B., Granger, B., Evers, T., Joshi, S. W., Nana, G. I., Evans, S. C., Lin, S., Liang, H., Liang, L., Nakajima, R., Felgner, P. L., Bowen, R. A., Marlenee, N., Hartwig, A., Baldwin, S. L., Coler, R. N., Tomai, M., Elvecrog, J., Reed, S. G., & Carter, D.
- Affiliations
- Infectious Disease Research Institute (US)
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- Colorado State University (US)
- 3M (United States) (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Scientific Reports
- Published
- 2017-04-21
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 46426-46426
- ISSN
- 2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5399443
- OpenAlex
- W2607106726
- Cited by
- 87
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 9.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (#HHSO100201000039C)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Influenza Virus Research Studies
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Keywords
- TLR7/8 agonist, imidazoquinolines, vaccine adjuvants, H5N1 influenza vaccine, pandemic influenza, hemagglutinin antigen, heterologous challenge, mouse challenge, avian influenza
- MeSH terms
- Adjuvants, Immunologic, Humans, Influenza, Human, Influenza Vaccines, Toll-Like Receptor 7, Toll-Like Receptor 8, Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
