An optimized method to detect influenza virus and human rhinovirus from exhaled breath and the airborne environment
Open accessAbstract
Respiratory viruses are difficult to characterize in the airborne environment due to their low concentration and the presence of a wide range of inhibitors. As a first step in studying airborne viruses, we optimized molecular biology methods to quantify influenza viruses and human rhinovirus. Quantitative PCR was used as an endpoint to evaluate RNA extraction techniques and reverse transcription protocols. We found that a Trizol-chloroform extraction and MultiScribe RT increased virus detection 10-fold compared to methods used in published field studies of airborne respiratory viruses. Virus was recovered without inhibition from samples contaminated with up to 50 microg/sample of particulate matter. The methods developed can be used in studies of airborne respiratory viruses.
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Numerous earlier studies have established that aerosol expelled during normal respiratory activities can contain infectious influenza virus.
“Numerous earlier studies have established that aerosol expelled during normal respiratory activities can contain infectious influenza virus [42, 45–54].”
From The protective performance of reusable cloth face masks, disposable procedure masks, KN95 masks and N95 respirators: Filtration and total inward leakage (2021) · cites this paper as [53]
The Introduction (page not provided) says viruses enter the air when infected people cough, sneeze, talk, and breathe. The Discussion (page not provided) reports detection of influenza virus in patients’ exhaled breath, but the paper describes PCR-based detection, not evidence that the detected virus was infectious. It also does not establish that numerous earlier studies demonstrated infectious influenza in expelled aerosol. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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- Authors
- Fabian, P., McDevitt, J. J., Lee, W.-M., Houseman, E. A., & Milton, D. K.
- Affiliations
- University of Massachusetts Lowell (US)
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Corresponding author
- Milton, Donald Kirby
- Venue
- J. Environ. Monit.
- Publisher
- Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
- Published
- 2009
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 314-317
- ISSN
- 1464-0325 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-0333
- PMC
- PMC2840048
- OpenAlex
- W1968764851
- Cited by
- 49
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2024: 4 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 2 · 2016: 1 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 2.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Environmental Monitoring (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1u01ci000446-01, U01CI000446)
- U.S. Public Health Service (S2238-22/22)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL-07118, T32HL007118)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (F31AI061884, AI061884)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Indoor Air Quality and Microbial Exposure
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 detection and testing
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Infection Control and Ventilation
- Keywords
- influenza virus, human rhinovirus, exhaled breath, RNA extraction, reverse transcription, real-time PCR
- MeSH terms
- Air Microbiology, Chemical Fractionation, Humans, Rhinovirus, RNA, Viral, Sensitivity and Specificity, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Particulate Matter, Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype
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