The role of particle size in aerosolised pathogen transmission: a review
Open accessAbstract
Understanding respiratory pathogen transmission is essential for public health measures aimed at reducing pathogen spread. Particle generation and size are key determinant for pathogen carriage, aerosolisation, and transmission. Production of infectious respiratory particles is dependent on the type and frequency of respiratory activity, type and site of infection and pathogen load. Further, relative humidity, particle aggregation and mucus properties influence expelled particle size and subsequent transmission. Review of 26 studies reporting particle sizes generated from breathing, coughing, sneezing and talking showed healthy individuals generate particles between 0.01 and 500 μm, and individuals with infections produce particles between 0.05 and 500 μm. This indicates that expelled particles carrying pathogens do not exclusively disperse by airborne or droplet transmission but avail of both methods simultaneously and current dichotomous infection control precautions should be updated to include measures to contain both modes of aerosolised transmission.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The majority of particles and their evaporated nuclei generated through human expiration activities have sizes varying from 0.05 to 500 μm.
“Related investigations have shown that the majority of particles and their evaporated nuclei generated through human expiration activities have sizes varying from 0.05 to 500 μm [12–16].”
From The protective performance of reusable cloth face masks, disposable procedure masks, KN95 masks and N95 respirators: Filtration and total inward leakage (2021) · cites this paper as [16]
In “Particles in the past” (page unavailable), the review reports respiratory particles spanning <1.0–500 μm, and its study table includes a 0.05–5.0 μm range for breathing. These support the broad size range, but the review does not say that the majority of particles and evaporated nuclei fall within the specific combined range of 0.05–500 μm. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Siegel, J. D., Rhinehart, E., Jackson, M. M., & Chiarello, L. A. (2007) · American Journal of Infection Control · doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2007.10.007 · Cited by 3,457 · see citing works
Influenza Virus Transmission Is Dependent on Relative Humidity and Temperature
Lowen, A. C., Mubareka, S., Steel, J., & Palese, P. (2007) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.0030151 · Cited by 1,675 · see citing works
Riley, S., Fraser, C., Donnelly, C. A., Ghani, A. C., Abu-Raddad, L. J., Hedley, A. J., Leung, G. M., Ho, L., Lam, T.-H., Thach, T., et al. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1086478 · Cited by 1,152 · see citing works
Morawska, L., Johnson, G. R., Ristovski, Z. D., Hargreaves, M., Mengersen, K., Corbett, S., Chao, C. Y. H., Li, Y., & Katoshevski, D. (2009) · Journal of Aerosol Science · doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2008.11.002 · Cited by 1,129 · see citing works
Chao, C. Y. H., Wan, M. P., Morawska, L., Johnson, G. R., Ristovski, Z., Hargreaves, M. H., Mengersen, K. L., Corbett, S. J., Li, Y., Xie, X., et al. (2008) · Journal of Aerosol Science · doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2008.10.003 · Cited by 1,090 · see citing works
Guideline for Isolation Precautions in Hospitals
Garner, J. S. (1996) · Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology · doi:10.1086/647190 · Cited by 1,073 · see citing works
Guideline for Isolation Precautions in Hospitals
Garner, J. S. (1996) · Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology · doi:10.1017/s0195941700006123 · Cited by 998 · see citing works
How far droplets can move in indoor environments ? revisiting the Wells evaporation?falling curve
Xie, X., Li, Y., Chwang, A. T., Ho, P., & Seto, W. (2007) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2007.00469.x · Cited by 971 · see citing works
Severe Respiratory Syncytial Virus Bronchiolitis in Infancy and Asthma and Allergy at Age 13
Sigurs, N., Gustafsson, P., Bjarnason, R. G., Lundberg, F., Schmidt, S., Sigurbergsson, F., & Kjellman, B. (2004) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.200406-730oc · Cited by 954 · see citing works
Barker, D. J., Godfrey, K. M., Fall, C., Osmond, C., Winter, P. D., & Shaheen, S. O. (1991) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.303.6804.671 · Cited by 889 · see citing works
Toward Understanding the Risk of Secondary Airborne Infection: Emission of Respirable Pathogens
Nicas, M., Nazaroff, W. W., & Hubbard, A. (2005) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene · doi:10.1080/15459620590918466 · Cited by 867 · see citing works
The size and the duration of air-carriage of respiratory droplets and droplet-nuclei
Duguid, J. P. (1946) · Epidemiology and Infection · doi:10.1017/s0022172400019288 · Cited by 860 · see citing works
The Economic Burden of Non–Influenza-Related Viral Respiratory Tract Infection in the United States
Fendrick, A. M., Monto, A. S., Nightengale, B. S., & Sarnes, M. W. (2003) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.163.4.487 · Cited by 854 · see citing works
Review of Aerosol Transmission of Influenza A virus
Tellier, R. (2006) · Emerging Infectious Diseases · doi:10.3201/eid1211.060426 · Cited by 803 · see citing works
Clinical signs and symptoms predicting influenza infection
Monto, A. S., Gravenstein, S., Elliott, M., Colopy, M., & Schweinle, J. (2000) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.160.21.3243 · Cited by 752 · see citing works
The size distribution of droplets in the exhaled breath of healthy human subjects
PAPINENI, R. S., & ROSENTHAL, F. S. (1997) · Journal of Aerosol Medicine · doi:10.1089/jam.1997.10.105 · Cited by 690 · see citing works
Droplet fate in indoor environments, or can we prevent the spread of infection?
Morawska, L. (2006) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2006.00432.x · Cited by 646 · see citing works
Flow dynamics and characterization of a cough
Gupta, J. K., Lin, C., & Chen, Q. (2009) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2009.00619.x · Cited by 609 · see citing works
Guideline for Isolation Precautions in Hospitals
Garner, J. S. (1996) · Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology · doi:10.2307/30142367 · Cited by 595 · see citing works
Illi, S., von Mutius, E., Lau, S., Bergmann, R., Niggemann, B., Sommerfeld, C., & Wahn, U. (2001) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.322.7283.390 · Cited by 565 · see citing works
Impact of Respiratory Virus Infections on Persons With Chronic Underlying Conditions
Glezen, W. P. (2000) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.283.4.499 · Cited by 558 · see citing works
Exhaled droplets due to talking and coughing
Xie, X., Li, Y., Sun, H., & Liu, L. (2009) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2009.0388.focus · Cited by 528 · see citing works
Influenza Virus in Human Exhaled Breath: An Observational Study
Fabian, P., McDevitt, J. J., DeHaan, W. H., Fung, R. O. P., Cowling, B. J., Chan, K. H., Leung, G. M., & Milton, D. K. (2008) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002691 · Cited by 496 · see citing works
Inactivation of influenza A viruses in the environment and modes of transmission: A critical review
Weber, T. P., & Stilianakis, N. I. (2008) · Journal of Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2008.08.013 · Cited by 489 · see citing works
The Size and Concentration of Droplets Generated by Coughing in Human Subjects
Yang, S., Lee, G. W. M., Chen, C.-M., Wu, C.-C., & Yu, K.-P. (2007) · Journal of Aerosol Medicine · doi:10.1089/jam.2007.0610 · Cited by 473 · see citing works
Methods for Sampling of Airborne Viruses
Verreault, D., Moineau, S., & Duchaine, C. (2008) · Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews · doi:10.1128/mmbr.00002-08 · Cited by 472 · see citing works
The Mechanism of Breath Aerosol Formation
Johnson, G. R., & Morawska, L. (2009) · Journal of Aerosol Medicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery · doi:10.1089/jamp.2008.0720 · Cited by 434 · see citing works
Booth, T. F., Kournikakis, B., Bastien, N., Ho, J., Kobasa, D., Stadnyk, L. L., Li, Y., Spence, M., Paton, S., Henry, B., et al. (2005) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/429634 · Cited by 425 · see citing works
On the Maximum Spreading Diameter of Impacting Droplets on Well-Prepared Solid Surfaces
Ukiwe, C., & Kwok, D. Y. (2004) · Langmuir · doi:10.1021/la0481288 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Macfarlane, J. T., Macfarlane, R. M., Rose, D. H., Colville, A., & Guion, A. (1993) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(93)90275-l · Cited by 397 · see citing works
Deposition of aerosol in the respiratory tract.
Brain, J. D., & Valberg, P. A. (1979) · PubMed · doi:10.1164/arrd.1979.120.6.1325 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Inhaling to mitigate exhaled bioaerosols
Edwards, D. A., Man, J. C., Brand, P., Katstra, J. P., Sommerer, K., Stone, H. A., Nardell, E., & Scheuch, G. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0408159101 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
Does This Patient Have Influenza?
Call, S. (2005) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.293.8.987 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Airborne Transmission of Communicable Infection — The Elusive Pathway
Roy, C. J., & Milton, D. K. (2004) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmp048051 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Virus Survival as a Seasonal Factor in Influenza and Poliomyelitis
Hemmes, J. H., WINKLER, K. C., & Kool, S. M. (1960) · Nature · doi:10.1038/188430a0 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Measurement of Airborne Influenza Virus in a Hospital Emergency Department
Blachère, F. M., Lindsley, W. G., Pearce, T. A., Anderson, S. E., Fisher, M., Khakoo, R., Meade, B. J., Lander, O. M., Davis, S. M., Thewlis, R. E., et al. (2009) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/596478 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
Analysis of impact of droplets on horizontal surfaces
Šikalo, Š., Marengo, M., Tropea, C. D., et al. (2002) · Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science · doi:10.1016/s0894-1777(01)00109-1 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Cough-generated Aerosols of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Fennelly, K. P., Martyny, J. W., Fulton, K. E., Orme, I. M., Cave, D. M., & Heifets, L. B. (2003) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.200308-1101oc · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Schaffer, F. L., Soergel, M. E., & Straube, D. C. (1976) · Archives of Virology · doi:10.1007/bf01317930 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Guideline for isolation precautions in hospitals
Garner, J. S., & Simmons, B. (1984) · American Journal of Infection Control · doi:10.1016/0196-6553(84)90025-7 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Glover, A., Skippon, S., & Boyle, R. D. (1995) · Applied Optics · doi:10.1364/ao.34.008409 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Droplet expulsion from the respiratory tract.
(1967) · PubMed · doi:10.1164/arrd.1967.95.3.435 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Effect of impact stress on microbial recovery on an agar surface
Stewart, S. L., Grinshpun, S. A., Willeke, K., Terzieva, S. I., Ulevičius, V., & Donnelly, J. (1995) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.61.4.1232-1239.1995 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Effect of airway opening on production of exhaled particles
Almstrand, A., Bake, B., Ljungström, E., Larsson, P., Bredberg, A., Mirgorodskaya, E. E., & Olin, A. (2010) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00873.2009 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Hogan, C. J., Kettleson, E. M., Lee, M.-H., Ramaswami, B., Angenent, L. T., & Biswas, P. (2005) · Journal of Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02720.x · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Couch, R. B., Cate, T. R., Douglas, R. G., Gerone, P. J., & Knight, V. (1966) · Bacteriological Reviews · doi:10.1128/br.30.3.517-529.1966 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Lindsley, W. G., Blachère, F. M., Davis, K. A., Pearce, T. A., Fisher, M., Khakoo, R., Davis, S. M., Rogers, M. E., Thewlis, R. E., Posada, A., et al. (2010) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/650457 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Effects of Viral Lower Respiratory Tract Infection on Lung Function in Infants With Cystic Fibrosis
Hiatt, P., Grace, S. C., Kozinetz, C. A., RABOUDI, S. H., Treece, D. G., Taber, L. H., & Piedra, P. A. (1999) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.103.3.619 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Quantifying the Routes of Transmission for Pandemic Influenza
Atkinson, M. P., & Wein, L. M. (2008) · Bulletin of Mathematical Biology · doi:10.1007/s11538-007-9281-2 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Social contact networks for the spread of pandemic influenza in children and teenagers
Glass, L. M., & Glass, R. J. (2008) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-8-61 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Airborne infectious disease and the suppression of pulmonary bioaerosols
Fiegel, J., Clarke, R. W., & Edwards, D. A. (2006) · Drug Discovery Today · doi:10.1016/s1359-6446(05)03687-1 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
DISTRIBUTION AND DEPOSITION OF INHALED PARTICLES IN RESPIRATORY TRACT
Hatch, T. F. (1961) · Bacteriological Reviews · doi:10.1128/br.25.3.237-240.1961 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Particle Concentration in Exhaled Breath
FAIRCHILD, C. I., & STAMPFER, J. F. (1987) · American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal · doi:10.1080/15298668791385868 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Exhalation of respiratory viruses by breathing, coughing, and talking
Stelzer‐Braid, S., Oliver, B. G., Blazey, A. J., Argent, E., Newsome, T. P., Rawlinson, W. D., & Tovey, E. R. (2009) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.21556 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Self-citationPhysical Dynamics of the Cough Mechanism
Ross, B. B., Gramiak, R., & Rahn, H. (1955) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1955.8.3.264 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Concentration measurement and counting efficiency of the aerodynamic particle sizer 3321
Peters, T. M., & Leith, D. E. (2003) · Journal of Aerosol Science · doi:10.1016/s0021-8502(03)00030-2 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Size distribution of exhaled particles in the range from 0.01 to 2.0μm
Holmgren, H., Ljungström, E., Almstrand, A., Bake, B., & Olin, A. (2010) · Journal of Aerosol Science · doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2010.02.011 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Fabian, M. P., McDevitt, J., Houseman, E. A., & Milton, D. K. (2009) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2009.00609.x · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Collection efficiencies of aerosol samplers for virus-containing aerosols
Tseng, C., & Li, C.-S. (2005) · Journal of Aerosol Science · doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2004.12.004 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Factors influencing the deposition of inhaled particles.
Yeh, H. C., Phalen, R. F., & Raabe, O. G. (1976) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.7615147 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Lower Respiratory Viral Illnesses
Garbino, J., Gerbase, M. W., Wunderli, W., Deffernez, C., Thomas, Y., Rochat, T., Ninet, B., Schrenzel, J., Yerly, S., Perrin, L. H., et al. (2004) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.200406-781oc · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Particle bounce errors in cascade impactors
Dzubay, T. G., Hines, L. E., & Stevens, R. K. (1976) · Atmospheric Environment (1967) · doi:10.1016/0004-6981(76)90095-0 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Wainwright, C. E., France, M. W., O'Rourke, P., Anuj, S., Kidd, T. J., Nissen, M. D., Sloots, T. P., Coulter, C., Ristovski, Z., Hargreaves, M., et al. (2009) · Thorax · doi:10.1136/thx.2008.112466 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Siegel, J. D., Rhinehart, E., Jackson, M., et al. (2007) · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Single drop impaction on a solid surface
Park, H., Carr, W. W., Zhu, J., et al. (2003) · AIChE Journal · doi:10.1002/aic.690491003 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Effect of Impaction, Bounce and Reaerosolization on the Collection Efficiency of Impingers
Grinshpun, S. A., Willeke, K., Ulevičius, V., Juozaitis, A., Terzieva, S. I., Donnelly, J., Stelma, G. N., & Brenner, K. P. (1997) · Aerosol Science and Technology · doi:10.1080/02786829708965434 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Dynamics and Control of Infections Transmitted From Person to Person Through the Environment
Li, S., Eisenberg, J. N. S., Spicknall, I. H., & Koopman, J. S. (2009) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwp116 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Assessment of experimental and natural viral aerosols
Pj, G., Couch, R. B., Keefer, G. V., Douglas, R. G., Derrenbacher, E. B., & Knight, V. (1966) · Bacteriological Reviews · doi:10.1128/br.30.3.576-588.1966 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
VIRUSES AS AGENTS OF AIRBORNE CONTAGION
Knight, V. (1980) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1980.tb18917.x · Cited by 122 · see citing works
You, D., Becnel, D. M., Wang, K., Ripple, M. J., Daly, M., & Cormier, S. A. (2006) · Respiratory Research · doi:10.1186/1465-9921-7-107 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Dynamics of infectious disease transmission by inhalable respiratory droplets
Stilianakis, N. I., & Drossinos, Y. (2010) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2010.0026 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Concentration measurement and counting efficiency for the aerodynamic particle sizer 3320
Armendariz, A. J., & Leith, D. E. (2002) · Journal of Aerosol Science · doi:10.1016/s0021-8502(01)00152-5 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Tupasi, T. E., Velmonte, M., Sanvictores, M. E. G., et al. (1988) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/157.4.615 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Diffusional deposition of ultrafine aerosols in a human nasal cast
Cheng, Y., Yamada, Y., Yeh, H., et al. (1988) · Journal of Aerosol Science · doi:10.1016/0021-8502(88)90009-2 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Mok, J. Y. Q., & Simpson, H. (1982) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.285.6338.333 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Submicron droplet formation in the human lung
Haslbeck, K., Schwarz, K., Hohlfeld, J. M., Seume, J. R., & Koch, W. (2010) · Journal of Aerosol Science · doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2010.02.010 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
The "Cloud Baby": An Example of Bacterial-Viral Interaction
Eichenwald, H. F. (1960) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpedi.1960.04020040163003 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Evaluation of Microbial Samplers for Bacterial Microorganisms
Li, C.-S. (1999) · Aerosol Science and Technology · doi:10.1080/027868299304705 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Super-spreaders and the rate of transmission of the SARS virus
SMALL, M. P., Tse, C. K., & Walker, D. M. (2006) · Physica D Nonlinear Phenomena · doi:10.1016/j.physd.2006.01.021 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Wan, M. P., & Chao, C. Y. H. (2006) · Journal of Biomechanical Engineering · doi:10.1115/1.2720911 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
DISTRIBUTION AND DEPOSITION OF INHALED PARTICLES IN RESPIRATORY TRACT
Hatch, T. F. (1961) · Bacteriological Reviews · doi:10.1128/mmbr.25.3.237-240.1961 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
A New Method for Sampling and Detection of Exhaled Respiratory Virus Aerosols
Huynh, K. N., Oliver, B. G. G., Stelzer‐Braid, S., Rawlinson, W. D., & Tovey, E. R. (2007) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/523000 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Self-citationLessons from the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Outbreak in Hong Kong
Abdullah, A. S. M., Tomlinson, B., Cockram, C. S., & Thomas, G. N. (2003) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid0909.030366 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Nichol, K. A., Bigelow, P., O’Brien‐Pallas, L., et al. (2008) · American Journal of Infection Control · doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2007.12.004 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Experimental studies on particle impaction and bounce: effects of substrate design and material
Chang, M.-C., Kim, S., & Sioutas, C. (1999) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/s1352-2310(99)00082-5 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Study of SARS Transmission Via Liquid Droplets in Air
Wang, B., Zhang, A., Sun, J. L., Liu, H., Hu, J., & Xu, L. X. (2005) · Journal of Biomechanical Engineering · doi:10.1115/1.1835350 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Experiments on the spread of colds: 1. Laboratory studies on the dispersal of nasal secretion
Buckland, F. E., & Tyrrell, D. A. J. (1964) · Journal of Hygiene · doi:10.1017/s0022172400040080 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
The recovery of smallpox virus from patients and their environment in a smallpox hospital.
Downie, A. W., Meiklejohn, M. F. M., Vincent, L. S., Rao, A. R., Babu, B. V. S., & Kempe, C. H. (1965) · PubMed Central · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Hamburger, M., & ROBERTSON, O. H. (1948) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0002-9343(48)90392-1 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Controlling the novel A (H1N1) influenza virus: don't touch your face!
Macías, A. E., de la Torre, A., Moreno‐Espinosa, S., Leal, P. E., Bourlon, M. T., & Ruiz-Palacios, G. M. (2009) · Journal of Hospital Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2009.06.017 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Impact of Health on Particle Size of Exhaled Respiratory Aerosols: Case‐control Study
Hersen, G., Moularat, S., Robine, E., Géhin, E., Corbet, S., Vabret, A., & Freymuth, F. (2008) · CLEAN – Soil, Air, Water · doi:10.1002/clen.200700189 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Assessment of experimental and natural viral aerosols.
Pj, G., Couch, R. B., Keefer, G. V., et al. (1966) · Bacteriological Reviews · doi:10.1128/mmbr.30.3.576-588.1966 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Fabian, P., McDevitt, J. J., Lee, W.-M., Houseman, E. A., & Milton, D. K. (2009) · J. Environ. Monit. · doi:10.1039/b813520g · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Sneeze related area in the medulla: localisation of the human sneezing centre?
Seijo‐Martínez, M. (2005) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.2005.068601 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
The adhesion of particles upon impaction
Esmen, N. A., Ziegler, P., & Whitfield, R. (1978) · Journal of Aerosol Science · doi:10.1016/0021-8502(78)90020-4 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
PHYSICS OF AIRBORNE PARTICLES AND THEIR DEPOSITION IN THE LUNG*
Morrow, P. E. (1980) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1980.tb18908.x · Cited by 41 · see citing works
The SARS outbreak in a general hospital in Tianjin, China – the case of super-spreader
WANG, S. X., Li, Y., Sun, B., ZHANG, S. W., Zhao, W., Wei, M., Chen, K., Zhao, X., Zhang, Z. L., Krahn, M. D., et al. (2005) · Epidemiology and Infection · doi:10.1017/s095026880500556x · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Slonim, N. B., & Slonim, N. B. (1971) · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Zayas, G., Dimitry, J., Zayas, A. I., et al. (2005) · BMC Pulmonary Medicine · doi:10.1186/1471-2466-5-11 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Inlet Efficiency Study for the TSI Aerodynamic Particle Sizer
Kinney, P. D., & Pui, D. Y. H. (1995) · Particle & Particle Systems Characterization · doi:10.1002/ppsc.19950120405 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Saldanha, R., Manno, M., Saleh, M., et al. (2008) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2008.00547.x · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Deposition pattern of droplets from medical nebulizers in the human respiratory tract.
STAHLHOFEN, W., Gebhart, J., Heyder, J., et al. (1984) · PubMed · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Dynamics of clinical symptoms in patients with pandemic influenza A (H1N1)
Lee, J. H., & Lee, J. H. (2010) · Clinical Microbiology and Infection · doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03117.x · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Factors Influencing the Deposition of Inhaled Particles
Yeh, H. C., Phalen, R. F., & Raabe, O. G. (1976) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.2307/3428398 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
A theory of predicting respiratory tract deposition of inhaled particles in man.
Cp, Y., & Taulbee, D. B. (1975) · PubMed · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Composition of Airway Surface Liquid Determined by X-ray Microanalysis
Kozlova, I., Vanthanouvong, V., Johannesson, M., et al. (2006) · Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.3109/2000-1967-016 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Inability to Sneeze as a manifestation of medullary neoplasm
Martin, R. A., Handel, S. F., & Aldama, A. E. (1991) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.41.10.1675 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Reducing Particle Bounce and Loading Effect for a Multi-Hole Impactor
Lai, C.-Y., Huang, S.-H., Chang, C., et al. (2008) · Aerosol Science and Technology · doi:10.1080/02786820701809045 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Clinical Signs and Symptoms Predicting Influenza Infection
Hak, E., Moons, K. G. M., Verheij, T. J. M., et al. (2001) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.161.10.1351 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
A model for deposition of stable and unstable aerosols in the human respiratory tract
AUSTIN, E., Brock, J. R., & Wissler, E. H. (1979) · American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal · doi:10.1080/15298667991430703 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Ueber die Ausstreuung infectiöser Tröpfchen beim Husten der Phthisiker
Heymann, B. (1899) · Medical Microbiology and Immunology · doi:10.1007/bf02198685 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
An Investigation of the Extent of the Bacterial Pollution of the Atmosphere by Mouth Spray
Winslow, C. ‐. A., & Robinson, E. (1910) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/7.1.17 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Hydén, D., & Arlinger, S. D. (2009) · Eye · doi:10.1038/eye.2009.165 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Vanthanouvong, V., Kozlova, I., Johannesson, M., et al. (2006) · Microscopy Research and Technique · doi:10.1002/jemt.20310 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
The Deformation of Single Droplets Impacting onto a Flat Surface
Moita, A., & Moreira, A. L. N. (2002) · SAE technical papers on CD-ROM/SAE technical paper series · doi:10.4271/2002-01-2749 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Transmission of haemolytic streptococci
Rubbo, S. D., & Benjamin, M. (1953) · Journal of Hygiene · doi:10.1017/s0022172400015709 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Yamamoto, N., Fujii, M., Endō, O., et al. (2002) · Journal of Aerosol Science · doi:10.1016/s0021-8502(02)00120-9 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Particle Concentration in Exhaled Breath
Fairchild, C. I., & STAMPFER, J. F. (1987) · American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal · doi:10.1202/0002-8894(1987)048 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Untersuchungen über die Frage der Tröpfcheninfection
Koeniger, H. (1900) · Medical Microbiology and Immunology · doi:10.1007/bf02140448 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Does This patient have influenza
Call, S. (2009) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Aerodynamic properties of biohazardous aerosols in hospitals
Fang, M., Lau, A. P. S., Chan, C. K., Hung, C.-H., & Lee, T. W. (2008) · Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology) · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Navarro, E. E., Gonzaga, N. C., Lucero, M., et al. (1990) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/clinids/12.supplement_8.s1065 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Understanding droplets produced by nebulisers and respiratory activities
Li, Y., Chwang, A. T., Seto, W., Ho, P., & Yuen, P. L. (2008) · Hong Kong Medical Journal · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Journal of fuels and lubricants
Hurley, R. G. (2005) · SAE transactions/S.A.E. transactions · Cited by 10 · see citing works
(1967) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-67-6-1354_2 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
The Movement of Aerosol Particles
Licht, W. R. (1972) · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The behaviour of spheroidal particles in time-of-flight aerodynamic particle sizers
Marshall, I. A., & Mitchell, J. P. (1992) · Journal of Aerosol Science · doi:10.1016/0021-8502(92)90408-n · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Effects of a thin, flexible nozzle on droplet formation and impingement
Hawke, S. R. (2006) · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Impingement splattering and surface disturbance evolution on turbulent liquid jets in gases
Bhunia, S. K. (1993) · DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Effects of Air on Splashing During a Droplet Impact.
Jepsen, R. A., Demosthenous, B., & Yoon, S. S. (2006) · OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Droplets Expelled during Human Expiratory Activities and their Origins
Morawska, L., Johnson, G. R., Ristovski, Z., et al. (2008) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- [4]Gebhart J. Anselm A. Heyder J. Stalhofen W. The human lung as aerosol particle Generator Journal of Aerosol Medicine 1 1988 196 197
- [10]Wells W.F. On airborne infection: study II. Droplets and droplet nuclei American Journal of Hygiene 1934 20 1934 611 618
- [72]Strausz W. Z Hyg. 1926;105:416 [cited by Duguid, 1946].
- [109]Prescott L.M. Harley J.P. Klein D.A. Microbial growth. Microbiology 5th ed. 2002 McGraw-Hill New York pp. 118
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Aerosol Emission and Superemission during Human Speech Increase with Voice Loudness
Asadi, S., Wexler, A. S., Cappa, C. D., Barreda, S., Bouvier, N. M., & Ristenpart, W. D. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-38808-z · Cited by 919 · see citing works
Transmissibility and transmission of respiratory viruses
Leung, N. H. L. (2021) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41579-021-00535-6 · Cited by 890 · see citing works
Transmission routes of respiratory viruses among humans
Kutter, J. S., Spronken, M. I., Fraaij, P. L., Fouchier, R. A., & Herfst, S. (2018) · Current Opinion in Virology · doi:10.1016/j.coviro.2018.01.001 · Cited by 611 · see citing works
Particle Sizes of Infectious Aerosols: Implications for Infection Control
Fennelly, K. P. (2020) · The Lancet Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/s2213-2600(20)30323-4 · Cited by 621 · see citing works
Characterizations of particle size distribution of the droplets exhaled by sneeze
Han, Z. Y., Weng, W. G., & Huang, Q. Y. (2013) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2013.0560 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
European Resuscitation Council COVID-19 guidelines executive summary
Nolan, J. P., Monsieurs, K. G., Bossaert, L., Böttiger, B. W., Greif, R., Lott, C., Madar, J., Olasveengen, T. M., Roehr, C. C., Semeraro, F., et al. (2020) · Resuscitation · doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2020.06.001 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Lindsley, W. G., Pearce, T. A., Hudnall, J. B., Davis, K. A., Davis, S. M., Fisher, M. A., Khakoo, R., Palmer, J. E., Clark, K. E., Celik, I., et al. (2012) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene · doi:10.1080/15459624.2012.684582 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Drewnick, F., Pikmann, J., Fachinger, F., Moormann, L., Sprang, F., & Borrmann, S. (2021) · Aerosol Science and Technology · doi:10.1080/02786826.2020.1817846 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Viable influenza A virus in airborne particles expelled during coughs versus exhalations
Lindsley, W. G., Blachere, F. M., Beezhold, D. H., Thewlis, R. E., Noorbakhsh, B., Othumpangat, S., Goldsmith, W. T., McMillen, C. M., Andrew, M. E., Burrell, C. N., et al. (2016) · Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses · doi:10.1111/irv.12390 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Schijven, J., Vermeulen, L. C., Swart, A., Meijer, A., Duizer, E., & de Roda Husman, A. M. (2021) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp7886 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Mechanisms of Airborne Infection via Evaporating and Sedimenting Droplets Produced by Speaking
Netz, R. R. (2020) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry B · doi:10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c05229 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Aerosolization of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> by Tidal Breathing
Dinkele, R., Gessner, S., McKerry, A., Leonard, B., Leukes, J., Seldon, R., Warner, D. F., & Wood, R. (2022) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.202110-2378oc · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Duncan, S., Bodurtha, P., & Naqvi, S. (2021) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0258191 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
- Authors
- Gralton, J., Tovey, E., McLaws, M.-L., & Rawlinson, W. D.
- Affiliations
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Rawlinson, William D.
- Venue
- Journal of Infection
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-01
- Volume
- 62
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-13
- ISSN
- 0163-4453 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7112663
- OpenAlex
- W2061609002
- Cited by
- 665
- References
- 131
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 58 · 2023: 70 · 2022: 68 · 2021: 134 · 2020: 128 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 2.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Infection (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Infection Control and Ventilation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Inhalation and Respiratory Drug Delivery
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Indoor Air Quality and Microbial Exposure
- Keywords
- respiratory pathogens, cough, sneezing, breathing, particle aggregation, relative humidity, airborne transmission, droplet transmission, infection control, pathogen load
- MeSH terms
- Aerosols, Humans, Humidity, Mucus, Particle Size, Respiratory Tract Infections, Disease Transmission, Infectious, Particulate Matter
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
