The DOI matches its Crossref record; 53 of the 53 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Surface point defects on bulk oxides: atomically-resolved scanning probe microscopy
Open accessAbstract
Metal oxides are abundant in nature and they are some of the most versatile materials for applications ranging from catalysis to novel electronics. The physical and chemical properties of metal oxides are dramatically influenced, and can be judiciously tailored, by defects. Small changes in stoichiometry introduce so-called intrinsic defects, e.g., atomic vacancies and/or interstitials. This review gives an overview of using Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM), in particular Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM), to study the changes in the local geometric and electronic structure related to these intrinsic point defects at the surfaces of metal oxides. Three prototypical systems are discussed: titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ), iron oxides (Fe 3 O 4 ), and, as an example for a post-transition-metal oxide, indium oxide (In 2 O 3 ). Each of these three materials prefers a different type of surface point defect: oxygen vacancies, cation vacancies, and cation adatoms, respectively. The different modes of STM imaging and the promising capabilities of non-contact Atomic Force Microscopy (nc-AFM) techniques are discussed, as well as the capability of STM to manipulate single point defects.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“there”
From Realization of Au81Pd2Pt9-S8B4.6A3.4 aerogels as superior catalysts toward HER and ORR by synergism of coarse and fine tuning d-band center of Pt (2023) · cites this paper as [39]
Citations
Cites
The surface science of titanium dioxide
Diebold, U. (2003) · Surface Science Reports · doi:10.1016/s0167-5729(02)00100-0 · Cited by 7,944
Self-citationRedox‐Based Resistive Switching Memories – Nanoionic Mechanisms, Prospects, and Challenges
Waser, R., Dittmann, R., Staikov, G., & Szot, K. (2009) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.200900375 · Cited by 5,080
The surface and materials science of tin oxide
Batzill, M., & Diebold, U. (2005) · Progress in Surface Science · doi:10.1016/j.progsurf.2005.09.002 · Cited by 2,603
Self-citationThe surface science of metal oxides
(1995) · Materials Characterization · doi:10.1016/1044-5803(95)80013-1 · Cited by 2,379
Electron Localization Determines Defect Formation on Ceria Substrates
Esch, F., Fabris, S., Zhou, L. P., Montini, T., Africh, C., Fornasiero, P., Comelli, G., & Rosei, R. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1111568 · Cited by 1,466
The Role of Interstitial Sites in the Ti 3d Defect State in the Band Gap of Titania
Wendt, S., Sprunger, P. T., Lira, E., Madsen, G. K. H., Li, Z., Hansen, J. Ø., Matthiesen, J., Blekinge-Rasmussen, A., Lægsgaard, E., Hammer, B., et al. (2008) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1159846 · Cited by 890
Polarons in crystalline and non-crystalline materials
Austin, I. G., & Mott, N. F. (2001) · Advances In Physics · doi:10.1080/00018730110103249 · Cited by 885
The chemistry and physics of zinc oxide surfaces
Wöll, C. (2007) · Progress in Surface Science · doi:10.1016/j.progsurf.2006.12.002 · Cited by 850
Noguera, C. (2000) · Journal of Physics Condensed Matter · doi:10.1088/0953-8984/12/31/201 · Cited by 797
Chemical identification of individual surface atoms by atomic force microscopy
Sugimoto, Y., Pou, P. J., Abe, M., Jelı́nek, P., Pérez, R., Morita, S., & Custance, Ó. (2007) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature05530 · Cited by 771
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Lauritsen, 2010, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter, 22, 263001
- Noguera, 2000, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter, 12, R367
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–135 of 135
Han, J., Bae, B. J., Jeon, S.-H., Shim, H.-S., Lee, Y., & Hur, D. H. (2023) · Corrosion Science · doi:10.1016/j.corsci.2023.111801 · Cited by 4
Gurylev, V. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-81911-8_4 · Cited by 4
Local p‐ and n‐Type Doping of an Oxide Semiconductor via Electric‐Field‐Driven Defect Migration
He, J., Ludacka, U., Hunnestad, K. A., Småbråten, D. R., Shapovalov, K., Vullum, P. E., Hatzoglou, C., Evans, D. M., Roede, E. D., Yan, Z., et al. (2025) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202506629 · Cited by 3
Eppell, S. J., Friedenberg, D. A., Payton, O., Picco, L., & Zypman, F. R. (2020) · Nanotechnology · doi:10.1088/1361-6528/ab6dff · Cited by 3
Djemmah, D. A., Geffroy, P., Chartier, T., Roux, J.-F., Bouamrane, F., & Akmansoy, É. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-11397-0_15 · Cited by 3
Senna, M. (2004) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781439834398.ch87 · Cited by 3
Surface Science of Metal Oxides: Examining What Happens at the Atomic Scale
Diebold, U. (2020) · International Conference on Functional Integrated nanoSystems (nanoFIS) · doi:10.3390/proceedings2020056022 · Cited by 2
Self-citationCatalytic performance of titanium subgroup metal oxides for syngas conversion
Yang, S., Wan-sheng, Z. H. U., Ma, S., Xue, X., Zhang, Y., & Sun, Q. (2022) · Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology · doi:10.1016/s1872-5813(21)60180-9 · Cited by 2
Verma, K. C., & Goyal, N. (2022) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.101741 · Cited by 2
Jupille, J. (2020) · Springer handbooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-46906-1_6 · Cited by 2
Haselmann, G. M., & Eder, D. (2021) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9783527815296.ch8 · Cited by 2
Djemmah, D. A., Gourdonnaud, D., Geffroy, P., Roux, J.-F., Bouamrane, F., & Akmansoy, É. (2024) · European Conference on Antennas and Propagation · doi:10.23919/eucap60739.2024.10501288 · Cited by 2
McClimon, J. B., Milne, Z. B., Hasz, K., & Carpick, R. W. (2021) · Langmuir · doi:10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01019 · Cited by 1
Akshaya, M. V., Suja, K. J., & Basu, P. K. (2023) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2550/1/012012 · Cited by 1
Defects in oxide ultrathin films and 2D materials
Netzer, F. P., & Surnev, S. L. (2025) · Journal of Physics Condensed Matter · doi:10.1088/1361-648x/adc05f · Cited by 1
Djemmah, D. A., Gourdonnaud, D., Laourine, F., Bouville, D., Bouamrane, F., Roux, J.-F., Geffroy, P., & Akmansoy, É. (2025) · International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies · doi:10.1017/s1759078725101931 · Cited by 1
Toward quantum science- and technology-enabled heterogeneous catalysis
Sudrajat, H., & Hartuti, S. (2026) · Journal of Materials Chemistry A · doi:10.1039/d5ta08272b · Cited by 1
7 Acidity of Individual Surface Sites: The Surface-Science Approach
Ryan, P., Balajka, J., Wagner, M., Setvín, M., Meyer, B., Hiemstra, T., & Diebold, U. (2026) · De Gruyter eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781501526152-008 · Cited by 1
Self-citationDefects, interfaces, and charge transport in functional micro/nano powder systems
Leal-Perez, J. E., & Hurtado-Macias, A. (2026) · Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects · doi:10.1016/j.nanoso.2026.101752 · Cited by 1
Electrostatic Discovery Atomic Force Microscopy
Oinonen, N., Xu, C., Alldritt, B., Canova, F. F., Urtev, F., Cai, S., Krejčí, O., Kannala, J., Liljeroth, P., & Foster, A. S. (2021) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.1c06840 · Cited by 1
Characterization of high permittivity and low losses TiO2 sintered material for THz applications
Djemmah, D. A., Roux, J.-F., Geffroy, P., Bouamrame, F., Akmansoy, É., & Chartier, T. (2022) · International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves (IRMMW-THz) · doi:10.1109/irmmw-thz50927.2022.9895910 · Cited by 1
Wang, Z., Qin, Y., Chen, Y., Zhang, Y., Chen, Q., Zhou, X., & Wu, K. M. (2023) · ChemPhysChem · doi:10.1002/cphc.202300564 · Cited by 1
Franceschi, G., & Diebold, U. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819728-8.00059-0 · Cited by 1
Self-citationGS1.1 - Surface Chemistry of Semiconducting Metal Oxides, Viewed at the Atomic Scale
Setvín, M., Wagner, M., Parkinson, G., Schmid, M., & Diebold, U. (2018) · Proceedings IMCS 2018 · doi:10.5162/imcs2018/gs1.1
Self-citationDevelopment of an electronic nose for characterizing the level of maturation of cachaça
Silvello, G. C. (2021) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.11.2021.tde-10092021-154905
SÍNTESE DE ISOBUTENO A PARTIR DO ETANOL EMPREGANDO UMA MISTURA FÍSICA DE IN2O3 E ZRO2
Bronsato, B. J. D. S. (2019) · doi:10.17771/pucrio.acad.48284
Surface Engineered 2D TMD Materials for Advanced Wearable Biosensors
Rani, S., Kumar, S., Singh, R., & Kumar, P. (2024) · Engineering materials · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-6258-3_3
Influence of Noble-Metal Surfactants on Metal-Oxide Thin Film Growth
Tobisch, S. (2023) · reposiTUm (TU Wien) · doi:10.34726/hss.2023.114721
Djemmah, D. A., Gourdonnaud, D., Bouamrane, F., Roux, J.-F., Geffroy, P., & Akmansoy, É. (2026) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.25930
Srivastava, S., Saravanan, A., Chen, S., Wen, C.-K., Yu, H.-Y., & Singh, P. (2026) · Journal of Materials Chemistry C · doi:10.1039/d6tc01598k
Observation and characterization of vacancy defects in catalytic materials
Zhou, X., Xiong, S., & Liu, C.-J. (2026) · Academia Catalysis · doi:10.20935/acadcatal8445
Surface Chemistry of Methanol on Well‐defined Metal Oxide Surfaces
Rao, R., Guo, S., & Liu, Y. (2026) · ChemCatChem · doi:10.1002/cctc.70954
Liang, Z., Li, K., Zhang, J., & Conejo, A. N. (2026) · Chemistry of Materials · doi:10.1021/acs.chemmater.6c02276
Ami, T., Kasai, H., Kimura, T., & Oka, K. (2026) · Journal of Materials Chemistry A · doi:10.1039/d6ta03675a
Wang, R., Li, H., Luo, Y., Guo, K., Ren, M., Chen, L., Shi, S., & Wang, D. (2026) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.79431
Metadata
- Authors
- Setvín, M., Wagner, M., Schmid, M., Parkinson, G. S., & Diebold, U.
- Affiliations
- TU Wien (AT)
- Corresponding author
- Diebold, Ulrike
- Venue
- Chemical Society Reviews
- Publisher
- Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
- Published
- 2017
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1772-1784
- ISSN
- 0306-0012 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-4744
- OpenAlex
- W2596263195
- Cited by
- 134
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 7
- FWCI
- 0.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Chemical Society Reviews (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- reposiTUm (TU Wien) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- H2020 European Research Council (ERC-2011-ADG_20110209)
- Austrian Science Fund (Firnberg Grant T 749-N27, SFB FOXSI F4507-N16, START-Prize Y 847-N20, Wittgenstein-Prize Z 250-N27)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Force Microscopy Techniques and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Condensed Matter Physics › Surface and Thin Film Phenomena
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Structural Biology › Advanced Electron Microscopy Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- surface point defects, oxygen vacancies, cation vacancies, atomic resolution imaging, scanning tunneling microscopy, non-contact atomic force microscopy, oxide surfaces
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
