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Recent advances in the detection and removal of heavy metal ions using functionalized layered double hydroxides: a review
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Recent advances in the detection and removal of heavy metal ions using layered double hydroxide-based nanosensors and nanosorbents are summarized.
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LDH lamellar architecture provides adjustable interlayer spacing, high surface area, and significant anion exchange capacity, making them especially effective for adsorption of heavy metal cations.
“Their lamellar architecture provides adjustable interlayer spacing, high surface area, and significant anion exchange capacity, making them especially effective for adsorption of heavy metal cations.”
From Emerging nanotechnology approaches for sustainable water treatment and heavy metals removal: a comprehensive review (2025) · cites this paper as [230]
The Introduction describes LDHs as having large surface areas, tunable structures and exchangeable interlayer anions, with potential as heavy-metal adsorbents. Section 4.1 explains that intercalated and surface anions help adsorb heavy-metal cations through electrostatic attraction and chelation. The copy does not specifically establish adjustable interlayer spacing or significant anion-exchange capacity as the reasons for cation adsorption; it describes anion exchange in an example involving an anionic contaminant. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe adsorption mechanism in LDHs involves ion exchange, electrostatic attraction, surface complexation and, in some cases, chelation with functional ligands.
“The adsorption mechanism in LDHs involves ion exchange (replacement of interlayer anions by heavy metal ions), electrostatic attraction, surface complexation and, in some cases, chelation with functional ligands.”
From Emerging nanotechnology approaches for sustainable water treatment and heavy metals removal: a comprehensive review (2025) · cites this paper as [230]
Section 4.1 (page unavailable) supports electrostatic attraction and chelation by functional groups; the review also describes complexation in LDH-based removal. But the sentence’s explanation of ion exchange is incorrect for the heavy metal cations discussed: Section 4.2 says they replace divalent metals in the LDH layer, not interlayer anions. The review describes interlayer-anion exchange for an anionic metal species, chromate. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAn LDH/biochar composite using orange peel biochar exhibited a Cu(ii) adsorption capacity of ∼68 mg g−1, outperforming CNT-modified LDHs (∼44 mg g−1) and unmodified ZnFe-LDHs (∼25 mg g−1), primarily due to greater surface area and abundance of binding sites.
“For example, an LDH/biochar composite using orange peel biochar exhibited a Cu(ii) adsorption capacity of ∼68 mg g−1, outperforming CNT-modified LDHs (∼44 mg g−1) and unmodified ZnFe-LDHs (∼25 mg g−1), primarily due to greater surface area and abundance of binding sites.”
From Emerging nanotechnology approaches for sustainable water treatment and heavy metals removal: a comprehensive review (2025) · cites this paper as [230]
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPristine LDHs display respectable adsorption capacities, but surface modification, composite formation, intercalation with functional ligands, defect engineering, and hybridization with materials such as biochar, graphene oxide, carbon nanomaterials, Fe3O4, or polymers significantly enhance their efficacy.
“Pristine LDHs already display respectable adsorption capacities, but surface modification, composite formation, intercalation with functional ligands, defect engineering, and hybridization with materials such as biochar, graphene oxide, carbon nanomaterials, Fe3O4, or polymers significantly enhance their efficacy.”
From Emerging nanotechnology approaches for sustainable water treatment and heavy metals removal: a comprehensive review (2025) · cites this paper as [230]
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredLDHs can be synthesized by cost-effective methods including co-precipitation, hydrothermal treatment, ion exchange, urea hydrolysis, or structure reconstruction, offering flexibility in composition and crystallinity.
“LDHs can be synthesized by cost-effective methods including co-precipitation, hydrothermal treatment, ion exchange, urea hydrolysis, or structure reconstruction, offering flexibility in composition and crystallinity.230–232”
From Emerging nanotechnology approaches for sustainable water treatment and heavy metals removal: a comprehensive review (2025) · cites this paper as [230]
The review’s discussion of LDH structure and functionalization lists coprecipitation, hydrothermal synthesis, ion exchange, and structure reconstruction, and says LDHs are inexpensive to prepare and their composition can be controlled (page unavailable). It does not identify urea hydrolysis as a synthesis method or say that these methods offer flexibility in crystallinity. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Synthesis methods involving surfactants or sacrificial templates may introduce toxicity or require multi-step, energy-intensive processes.
“Synthesis methods involving surfactants or sacrificial templates may introduce toxicity or require multi-step, energy-intensive processes.”
From Emerging nanotechnology approaches for sustainable water treatment and heavy metals removal: a comprehensive review (2025) · cites this paper as [230]
Section 3.4 (page unavailable) describes a surfactant-containing LDH nanosorbent for which the surfactant-embedded polymer was prepared first, supporting a preparation process with multiple steps. Our copy does not say that surfactants or sacrificial templates introduce toxicity, or that these processes are energy-intensive. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIntercalation of anions and functional molecules into interlayer gallery, surface functionalization, and defect engineering are effective strategies to introduce binding affinity, expand adsorption sites, and improve adsorption kinetics.
“Intercalation of anions and functional molecules into interlayer gallery, surface functionalization, and defect engineering are effective strategies to introduce binding affinity, expand adsorption sites, and improve adsorption kinetics.174,230”
From Emerging nanotechnology approaches for sustainable water treatment and heavy metals removal: a comprehensive review (2025) · cites this paper as [230]
The review’s discussion of LDH functionalization identifies intercalation, surface modification, and defect engineering, and says added functional groups improve heavy-metal binding affinity. Section 4.1 says intercalated carboxyl groups provide more binding sites. Section 4.2 reports that defects can increase the rate of an ion-exchange replacement reaction, but the copy does not establish improved adsorption kinetics for the strategies as a group. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredLDH-based adsorbents face limitations for practical large-scale applications, including structural instability under extreme pH, loss of crystallinity, aggregation, and decreased performance with competing ions or natural organic matter.
“Despite these advances, LDH-based adsorbents face important limitations when considering practical, large-scale applications. Key challenges include structural instability under extreme pH conditions (strongly acidic or alkaline), loss of crystallinity, aggregation of particles, and decreased performance in the presence of competing ions or natural organic matter.”
From Emerging nanotechnology approaches for sustainable water treatment and heavy metals removal: a comprehensive review (2025) · cites this paper as [230]
Section 4.2 (page not available) says reversible adsorption by many LDH nanosorbents is difficult to use in complicated environments such as soil, supporting a general practical limitation. Section 5 also identifies challenges, but the cited passages do not identify instability at extreme pH, loss of crystallinity, particle aggregation, or reduced adsorption performance caused by competing ions or natural organic matter. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDefects in LDH layers, such as oxygen vacancies, and substitution of metal cations can influence chemical reactivity and significantly enhance ion exchange and binding efficiency.
“Defects in the LDH layers, such as oxygen vacancies, and substitution of metal cations (e.g., replacing M2+ or M3+ with metals of different ionic sizes) can influence the chemical reactivity and significantly enhance ion exchange and binding efficiency.”
From Emerging nanotechnology approaches for sustainable water treatment and heavy metals removal: a comprehensive review (2025) · cites this paper as [230]
The Structure and functionalization discussion says oxygen defects enhance ion exchange with heavy metal ions and that metal-cation substitution can benefit binding of small molecules or polymers. Section 4.2 also says defects partially enhance the replacement reaction rate. The copy does not establish that these changes significantly enhance binding efficiency generally, particularly for heavy metal ions. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe trade-off between material performance and synthesis complexity or cost remains a critical issue for LDHs.
“The trade-off between material performance (capacity, rate) and synthesis complexity or cost remains a critical issue.230,233”
From Emerging nanotechnology approaches for sustainable water treatment and heavy metals removal: a comprehensive review (2025) · cites this paper as [230]
The introductory review passage says unmodified LDHs are easy and inexpensive to prepare but have limited sensing and adsorption performance, motivating functionalization. That supports a tension between simplicity and performance, but the paper does not identify synthesis complexity or cost versus adsorption capacity and rate as a critical trade-off. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredFunctional ligands or intercalated anions in LDHs can leach out or degrade over repeated cycles, reducing long-term stability.
“Additionally, functional ligands or intercalated anions can leach out or degrade over repeated cycles, reducing long-term stability.”
From Emerging nanotechnology approaches for sustainable water treatment and heavy metals removal: a comprehensive review (2025) · cites this paper as [230]
Section 2 describes functional molecules fixed to LDH surfaces or interlayers, and Section 4.1 describes intercalated anions used for adsorption. Neither passage says these components leach or degrade over repeated cycles, or that such changes reduce long-term stability. Searches for leaching, repeated cycles, and reuse or recycling did not find that claim in our copy; page numbers were not available. (LLM, conf=0.72)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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Metadata
- Authors
- Liu, W., Liu, Y., Yuan, Z., & Lu, C.
- Affiliations
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering (CN)
- Zhengzhou University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Yuan, Zhiqin
- Lu, Chao
- Venue
- Industrial Chemistry & Materials
- Publisher
- Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
- Published
- 2023
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 79-92
- ISSN
- 2755-2500 (ISSN-L)
- 2755-2608
- OpenAlex
- W4309171171
- Cited by
- 71
- References
- 90
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 8
- FWCI
- 3.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Industrial Chemistry and Materials (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (21974008, 22074005)
- Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality (2202038)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Layered Double Hydroxides Synthesis and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Adsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Chemical Synthesis and Characterization
- Keywords
- heavy metal ions, layered double hydroxides, nanosensors, nanoadsorbents, heavy metal removal, metal ion sensing, functionalized nanomaterials
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