The DOI matches its Crossref record; 237 of the 241 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Regulation and function of ribosomal protein S6 kinase (S6K) within mTOR signalling networks
Abstract
The ribosomal protein S6K (S6 kinase) represents an extensively studied effector of the TORC1 [TOR (target of rapamycin) complex 1], which possesses important yet incompletely defined roles in cellular and organismal physiology. TORC1 functions as an environmental sensor by integrating signals derived from diverse environmental cues to promote anabolic and inhibit catabolic cellular functions. mTORC1 (mammalian TORC1) phosphorylates and activates S6K1 and S6K2, whose first identified substrate was rpS6 (ribosomal protein S6), a component of the 40S ribosome. Studies over the past decade have uncovered a number of additional S6K1 substrates, revealing multiple levels at which the mTORC1–S6K1 axis regulates cell physiology. The results thus far indicate that the mTORC1–S6K1 axis controls fundamental cellular processes, including transcription, translation, protein and lipid synthesis, cell growth/size and cell metabolism. In the present review we summarize the regulation of S6Ks, their cellular substrates and functions, and their integration within rapidly expanding mTOR (mammalian TOR) signalling networks. Although our understanding of the role of mTORC1–S6K1 signalling in physiology remains in its infancy, evidence indicates that this signalling axis controls, at least in part, glucose homoeostasis, insulin sensitivity, adipocyte metabolism, body mass and energy balance, tissue and organ size, learning, memory and aging. As dysregulation of this signalling axis contributes to diverse disease states, improved understanding of S6K regulation and function within mTOR signalling networks may enable the development of novel therapeutics.
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“These hallmarks of suppressed autophagy 11,31,32 indicate that LAP and autophagy may be competing for resources and might not easily co-exist in RPE cells.”
From RUBCN/rubicon and EGFR regulate lysosomal degradative processes in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) of the eye (2017) · cites this paper as [31]
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“MTOR activation is an indicator of suppressed autophagy 31 as is p-BECN1 at this Ser234 residue where it is targeted by the serine/threonine kinase AKT1 during MTOR activation.32”
From RUBCN/rubicon and EGFR regulate lysosomal degradative processes in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) of the eye (2017) · cites this paper as [31]
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The PI3K Pathway in Human Disease
Fruman, D. A., Chiu, H., Hopkins, B. D., Bagrodia, S., Cantley, L. C., & Abraham, R. T. (2017) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.07.029 · Cited by 2,749
The Global Phosphorylation Landscape of SARS-CoV-2 Infection
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Lin, J., Fallahi‐Sichani, M., & Sorger, P. K. (2015) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms9390 · Cited by 562
Metadata
- Authors
- Magnuson, B., Ekim, B., & Fingar, D. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, U.S.A.
- Corresponding author
- Magnuson, Brian
- Venue
- Biochemical Journal
- Publisher
- Portland Press Ltd.
- Published
- 2011-12-14
- Volume
- 441
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-21
- ISSN
- 0264-6021 (ISSN-L)
- 1470-8728
- OpenAlex
- W2312282875
- Cited by
- 1,015
- References
- 241
- Citations by year
- 2026: 52 · 2025: 57 · 2024: 63 · 2023: 67 · 2022: 57 · 2021: 72 · 2020: 69 · 2019: 82 · 2018: 87 · 2017: 85 · 2016: 73 · 2015: 84 · 2014: 68 · 2013: 64 · 2012: 34
- FWCI
- 4.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Biochemical Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01dk078135-03)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01-DK-078135, R01DK100722)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling in cancer
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Kinase Regulation and GTPase Signaling
- Keywords
- S6K, S6K1, S6K2, mTORC1, TOR signaling, ribosomal protein S6, translational regulation, glucose homeostasis, insulin sensitivity, adipocyte metabolism, energy balance, organ size, learning and memory, aging, disease therapeutics
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Signal Transduction, Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
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