Urea synthesis in enterocytes of developing pigs
Open accessAbstract
Urea synthesis from ammonia, glutamine and arginine was determined in enterocytes from newborn (0-day-old), 2-21-day-old suckling, and 29-58-day-old post-weaning pigs. Pigs were weaned at 21 days of age. Cells were incubated for 30 min at 37 degrees C in Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate buffer (pH 7.4) containing (i) 0.5-2 mM NH4Cl plus 0.05-2 mM ornithine and 2 mM aspartate, (ii) 1-5 mM glutamine, or (iii) 0.5-2 mM arginine. In enterocytes from newborn and suckling pigs, there was no measurable synthesis of urea from ammonia, glutamine or arginine, and analysis of amino acids by a sensitive fluorimetric HPLC method revealed the formation of negligible amounts of ornithine from arginine. In contrast, in cells from post-weaning pigs, relatively large amounts of urea and ornithine were produced from ammonia, glutamine and arginine in a dose-dependent manner. To elucidate the mechanism of the developmental change of urea synthesis in pig enterocytes, the activities of urea-cycle enzymes were determined. The activities of enterocyte carbamoyl phosphate synthase I and ornithine carbamoyltransferase were lower in post-weaning pigs than in suckling ones, whereas there was no difference in arginino-succinate lyase. The activities of argininosuccinate synthase and arginase were increased by 4-fold and 50-100-fold, respectively, in enterocytes from post-weaning pigs compared with suckling pigs. The induction of arginase appears to be sufficient to account for the formation of urea from ammonia, glutamine and arginine in post-weaning pig enterocytes. These results demonstrate for the first time the presence of synthesis of urea from extracellular or intramitochondrially generated ammonia in enterocytes of post-weaning pigs. This hitherto unrecognized urea synthesis in these cells may be a first line of defence against the potential toxicity of ammonia produced by the extensive intestinal degradation of glutamine (a major fuel for enterocytes) and derived from diet and luminal micro-organisms.
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Unlike arginine, citrulline catabolism is limited in the intestines as well as its extraction from hepatic tissue, resulting in the majority of citrulline passing into systemic circulation before conversion to arginine.
“Unlike arginine, citrulline catabolism is limited in the intestines [540] as well as its extraction from hepatic tissue [541] resulting in the majority of citrulline passing into systemic circulation before conversion to arginine [542].”
From ISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: research & recommendations (2018) · cites this paper as [540]
The Results section reports measurable arginine utilization in enterocytes from post-weaning pigs, supporting the arginine side of the comparison. The paper does not establish that intestinal citrulline catabolism is limited; it reports citrulline production from arginine instead. The hepatic-extraction and systemic-circulation clauses have separate citations in the citing sentence and are not attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.78)
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- Authors
- Wu, G.
- Affiliations
- Texas A&M University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wu, G
- ORCID
- Wu, G
- Venue
- Biochemical Journal
- Publisher
- Portland Press Ltd.
- Published
- 1995-12-15
- Volume
- 312
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 717-723
- ISSN
- 0264-6021 (ISSN-L)
- 1470-8728
- PMC
- PMC1136173
- OpenAlex
- W1871263537
- Cited by
- 138
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 5.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Biochemical Journal (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Agriculture
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Nutrition and Physiology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Amino Acid Enzymes and Metabolism
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Clinical Nutrition and Gastroenterology
- Keywords
- urea synthesis, enterocytes, pig development, post-weaning piglets, suckling piglets, ammonia detoxification, urea cycle enzymes, arginase, argininosuccinate synthetase, argininosuccinate lyase, ornithine, ornithine carbamoyltransferase
- MeSH terms
- Ammonia, Ammonium Chloride, Animals, Animals, Newborn, Animals, Suckling, Arginine, Argininosuccinate Lyase, Argininosuccinate Synthase, Carbamyl Phosphate, Carbamoyl-Phosphate Synthase (Ammonia), Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Citrulline, Glutamine, Intestinal Mucosa, Intestines, Ornithine, Ornithine Carbamoyltransferase, Swine, Urea, Weaning
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