The DOI matches its Crossref record; 99 of the 99 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Stuttering as Defined by Adults Who Stutter
Abstract
Purpose: Numerous frameworks and definitions have sought to differentiate what behaviors and experiences should be considered as a part of stuttering. Nearly all of these efforts have been based on the perspectives and beliefs of conversational partners and listeners. This outside-in approach to defining stuttering lacks validation from people who live with the condition. Method: In this study, 430 adults who stutter participated in a qualitative exploration of the term stuttering . Data were analyzed thematically to determine speakers' perspectives about moment of stuttering and the overall experience of stuttering in their lives. Results: To adults who stutter, the term stuttering signifies a constellation of experiences beyond the observable speech disfluency behaviors that are typically defined as stuttering by listeners. Participants reported that the moment of stuttering often begins with a sensation of anticipation, feeling stuck, or losing control. This sensation may lead speakers to react in various ways, including affective, behavioral, and cognitive reactions that can become deeply ingrained as people deal with difficulties in saying what they want to say. These reactions can be associated with adverse impact on people's lives. This interrelated chain of events can be exacerbated by outside environmental factors, such as the reactions of listeners. Discussion: Data from this survey provide novel evidence regarding what stuttering means to adults who stutter. These data are used to update the adaptation of the World Health Organization's International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health as it applies to stuttering ( Yaruss & Quesal, 2004 ) to better account for the complex and individualized phenotype of stuttering and to develop a definition of the experience of stuttering that is based not only on the observations of listeners but also on the impact of stuttering on the lives of adults who stutter.
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In the citing paper
“The field of SLP has historically framed stuttering as a problem to be fixed, relying on external observations and control [22, 99].”
From Disability-First AI Dataset Annotation: Co-designing Stuttered Speech Annotation Guidelines with People Who Stutter (2026) · cites this paper as [99]
In the citing paper
“an increasing number of voices from the stuttering community have called for the inclusion of PWS in shaping knowledge about stuttering [22, 99]”
From Disability-First AI Dataset Annotation: Co-designing Stuttered Speech Annotation Guidelines with People Who Stutter (2026) · cites this paper as [99]
In the citing paper
“While annotating stuttered speech is inherently challenging and subjective due to its high variability and the ambiguous boundary between stuttered and fluent speech [99, 102]”
From Disability-First AI Dataset Annotation: Co-designing Stuttered Speech Annotation Guidelines with People Who Stutter (2026) · cites this paper as [99]
In the citing paper
“For instance, Jia and Kerrigan both agreed that videos could be incorporated into the review process, as embodied cues such as lip movements are often a crucial aspect of stuttering and can aid interpretation [99].”
From Disability-First AI Dataset Annotation: Co-designing Stuttered Speech Annotation Guidelines with People Who Stutter (2026) · cites this paper as [99]
Citations
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Yaruss, J. S., & Quesal, R. W. (2006) · Journal of Fluency Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2006.02.002 · Cited by 523
Self-citationYairi, E., & Ambrose, N. G. (1999) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/jslhr.4205.1097 · Cited by 494
Research works printed but not linked: 11
- Cheasman C., 2013, Stammering therapy from the inside: New perspectives on working with young people and adults, 227
- Conture E. G., 1990, Research needs in stuttering: Roadblocks and future directions: ASHA reports. Number 18, 2
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- 10.1044/1092-4388(2001/046) · DOI
- Yaruss J. S., 2007, Evidence-based practice for school-age stuttering: Balancing existing research with clinical practice, EBP Briefs, 2, 1
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Variability of Stuttering: Behavior and Impact
Tichenor, S. E., & Yaruss, J. S. (2021) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2020_ajslp-20-00112 · Cited by 105
Self-citationGroup Experiences and Individual Differences in Stuttering
Tichenor, S. E., & Yaruss, J. S. (2019) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2019_jslhr-19-00138 · Cited by 70
Self-citationRepetitive Negative Thinking, Temperament, and Adverse Impact in Adults Who Stutter
Tichenor, S. E., & Yaruss, J. S. (2019) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2019_ajslp-19-00077 · Cited by 61
Self-citationConsensus Guidelines for the Assessments of Individuals Who Stutter Across the Lifespan
Brundage, S. B., Ratner, N. B., Boyle, M. P., Eggers, K., Everard, R., Franken, M.-C. J. P., Kefalianos, E., Marcotte, A. K., Millard, S. K., Packman, A., et al. (2021) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2021_ajslp-21-00107 · Cited by 49
Self-citationLaiho, A., Elovaara, H., Kaisamatti, K., Luhtalampi, K., Talaskivi, L., Pohja, S., Routamo-Jaatela, K., & Vuorio, E. (2022) · Journal of Communication Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2022.106242 · Cited by 52
Metadata
- Authors
- Tichenor, S. E., & Yaruss, J. S.
- Affiliations
- Michigan State University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research
- Published
- 2019-12-18
- Volume
- 62
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 4356-4369
- ISSN
- 1092-4388 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-9102
- OpenAlex
- W2995710170
- Cited by
- 195
- References
- 99
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 2
- FWCI
- 16.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Stuttering Research and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Speech and Hearing › Voice and Speech Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
- Keywords
- stuttering, adults who stutter, listener reactions, International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Communication, Emotions, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Terminology as Topic, Surveys and Questionnaires, Self Concept, Stuttering, Qualitative Research, Young Adult
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