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Cited by 108Stuttering Research and TreatmentObsessive-Compulsive Spectrum DisordersVoice and Speech Disorders

Variability of Stuttering: Behavior and Impact

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Tichenor, Seth E., Yaruss, J. Scott·2021·American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology
DOI 10.1044/2020_ajslp-20-00112PMC PMC8740569
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Abstract

Purpose: It has long been known that stuttering behaviors vary across time and situation. Preliminary evidence suggests that this variability negatively affects people who stutter and that stuttering behaviors are more variable than adverse impact associated with stuttering. More information is needed to determine how variability affects people who stutter and what the clinical and research implications of variability may be. Method: Two hundred and four adults who stutter participated in a mixed-methods study exploring (a) how variability of stuttering affects people who stutter in comparison to other aspects of the condition and (b) which aspects of the overall experience of stuttering are variable. Results: Analyses indicated that variability is very commonly experienced by people who stutter and that it is among the most frustrating aspects of the condition. Qualitative analyses revealed that variability is experienced in all aspects of the stuttering condition, including the observable behavior other affective, behavioral, and cognitive reactions; and the adverse impact of stuttering. Notable individual differences were found in terms of which specific aspects of the condition were more variable for different respondents. Overall, analyses revealed that the variability of different aspects of stuttering can be viewed in a hierarchy from most variable to least variable: more external aspects (e.g., frequency, duration), more internal aspects (e.g., covert behaviors, physical tension), and cognitive–affective experiences (e.g., negative thoughts, feelings, and self-image). Discussion: These findings suggest that variability is a common and burdensome aspect of the experience of stuttering and underscore the importance of considering variability in stuttering behavior, reactions, and impact in research, assessment, and treatment for adults who stutter.

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Research works printed but not linked: 6

  1. Cheasman, C. (2013). A mindful approach to stammering. In C. Cheasman, R. Everard, & S. Simpson (Eds.), Stammering therapy from the inside (pp. 227 -265). J&R Press.
  2. Conture, E. G. (1990). Stuttering (2nd ed.). Prentice Hall.
  3. Kuster, J. M., Palasik, S., Gabel, R. M., Donaher, J., & Healey, E. C. (2013). Stuttering and suicide: Our experiences and responsibilities [Conference session]. American Speech-LanguageHearing Association.
  4. Riley, G. D. (2009). Stuttering Severity Instrument -Fourth Edition . Pro-Ed.
  5. Van Riper, C. (1982). The nature of stuttering . Prentice Hall.
  6. Wickham, H. (2016). ggplot2: Elegant graphics for data analysis . Springer-Verlag. https://ggplot2.tidyverse.org

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Authors
Tichenor, S. E., & Yaruss, J. S.
Affiliations
Michigan State University (US)
ORCID
Venue
American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology
Publisher
American Speech Language Hearing Association
Published
2021-01-27
Volume
30
Issue
1
Pages
75-88
ISSN
  • 1058-0360 (ISSN-L)
  • 1558-9110
DOI
10.1044/2020_ajslp-20-00112
PMC
PMC8740569
OpenAlex
W3099124743
Cited by
105
References
67
Citations by year
2026: 20 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 5
FWCI
4.30
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (R01DC018795)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Stuttering Research and Treatment
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Voice and Speech Disorders
Keywords
stuttering, frustration, physical tension, negative self-concept, individual differences, adults who stutter
MeSH terms
Adult, Emotions, Humans, Individuality, Research Design, Self Concept, Stuttering

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