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Morphological Productivity in Children With Normal Language and SLI: A Study of the English Past Tense
Abstract
Children with specific language impairment (SLI) are known to display persistent difficulties with inflectional morphology—in particular, the overuse of unmarked grammatical forms (i.e., zero-marking). Yet, several recent studies have shown that English-speaking children with SLI, like their normal language peers (NL), demonstrate a considerable degree of productive language abilities (e.g., Bishop, 1994; Loeb & Leonard, 1991; Oetting & Horohov, 1997). In this study, we explore productivity in the English past tense in school-age children with SLI (N=31) and NL (N=31) who were equivalent as a group in chronological and mental age. Although children in both groups produced a range of error types, the children with SLI produced significantly more errors, with a greater proportion resulting from zero-marking (e.g.,go) than suffixation (e.g.,goed). Item analyses indicated that suffixations and zero-markings were predicted by item frequency, phonological features of stems, and similarity relationships across items (i.e., neighborhood structure) in both groups, yet children with SLI were more sensitive to item phonology than their NL peers. Results are interpreted in light of the predictions of dual- versus single-mechanism models of morphological productivity. Implications for accounts of SLI are discussed.
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“For example, the high-frequency irregulars blew and feet are less likely to be over-regularized (e.g. *blowed, *foots) than the low-frequency irregulars drank and shelves (e.g. *drinked and *shelfs)”
From The ubiquity of frequency effects in first language acquisition (2015) · cites this paper as Marchman, Wulfeck & Weismer, 1999
In the citing paper
“With regard to absolute frequency, this domain illustrates the common finding that the more frequent the irregular form (in absolute terms), the more likely children are to produce this form, as opposed to an error”
From The ubiquity of frequency effects in first language acquisition (2015) · cites this paper as Marchman, Wulfeck & Weismer, 1999
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Effects of a Complexity-Based Approach on Generalization of Past Tense – ed and Related Morphemes
Horne, A. O. V., Curran, M. K., Larson, C., & Fey, M. E. (2018) · Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools · doi:10.1044/2018_lshss-stlt1-17-0142 · Cited by 40
Robertson, E. K., Joanisse, M. F., Desroches, A. S., & Terry, A. (2012) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/0022219412449430 · Cited by 33
Abdalla, F., Aljenaie, K., & Mahfoudhi, A. (2012) · Journal of Child Language · doi:10.1017/s0305000912000499 · Cited by 30
Joseph, K. L., Serratrice, L., & Conti‐Ramsden, G. (2002) · First Language · doi:10.1177/014272370202206502 · Cited by 36
Second language learning of morphology
Ellis, N. C. (2022) · Journal of the European Second Language Association · doi:10.22599/jesla.85 · Cited by 43
Richards, S., & Goswami, U. (2019) · Brain Science · doi:10.3390/brainsci9020033 · Cited by 29
Blom, E., Vasic, N., & de Jong, J. (2014) · Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2014_jslhr-l-13-0104 · Cited by 29
Purdy, J., Leonard, L., Weber-Fox, C., & Kaganovich, N. (2014) · Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2014_jslhr-l-13-0176 · Cited by 28
Owen, A. J. (2010) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2009/09-0039 · Cited by 29
Tense and Aspect in Sentence Interpretation by Children with Specific Language Impairment
Leonard, L., & Deevy, P. (2009) · Journal of Child Language · doi:10.1017/s0305000909990018 · Cited by 28
Leonard, L., Miller, C. A., & Finneran, D. A. (2008) · Language and Cognitive Processes · doi:10.1080/01690960802229649 · Cited by 28
Demuth, K., & Tomas, E. (2016) · doi:10.1177/0142723715626066 · Cited by 26
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English past tense use as a clinical marker in older bilingual children with language impairment
Jacobson, P. F., & Livert, D. (2010) · Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics · doi:10.3109/02699200903437906 · Cited by 25
“Although developmentally appropriate in early stages of acquisition, a reliance on bare stems persists in situations of impairment (Leonard, Bortolini, Caselli, McGregor, and Sabbadini, 1992; Leonard, Eyer, Bedore, and Grela, 1997; Oetting and Horohov, 1997; Marchman et al., 1999).”
BackgroundResultThe perfective past tense in Greek adolescents with Down Syndrome
Stathopoulou, N., & Clahsen, H. (2010) · Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics · doi:10.3109/02699206.2010.511405 · Cited by 24
The Morpho-Phonological Interface in Specific Language Impairment
Marshall, C. (2006) · doi:10.1207/s15327817la1304_7 · Cited by 24
“There are abundant references that over-regularisations are common in child phonology (Berko, 1958; Ervin, 1964; Kuckjaz, 1977; Marcus, Pinker, Ullman, Hollander, Rosen & Xu, 1992) and that they also occur in SLI (Marchman et al., 1999; van der Lely & Ullman, 2001).”
BackgroundKulkarni, A., Pring, T., & Ebbels, S. H. (2013) · Child Language Teaching and Therapy · doi:10.1177/0265659013514982 · Cited by 24
“Indeed, various authors have suggested that difficulties in this area may constitute a clinical marker for specific language impairment (SLI)1 (e.g. Marchman et al., 1999; Rice and Wexler, 1996; Rice et al., 2004) or grammatical SLI (G-SLI)2 (Van der Lely, 2005).”
BackgroundAcoustic investigations into the later acquisition of syllabic -es plurals.
Mealings, K., Cox, F., & Demuth, K. (2013) · Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2012/12-0163 · Cited by 22
Tomas, E., Demuth, K., & Petocz, P. (2017) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2016_jslhr-l-16-0138 · Cited by 61
Sex differences in past tense overregularization
Kidd, E., & Lum, J. A. G. (2008) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2008.00744.x · Cited by 23
“Following Marchman et al. (1999), the proportion of OR errors was computed for each child as the total number of ORs divided by the sum of the total number of correct and valid responses.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialCalder, S. D., Claessen, M., Leitão, S., & Ebbels, S. H. (2021) · Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics · doi:10.1080/02699206.2021.1931454 · Cited by 24
“For example, studies of –ed intervention suggest targeting verbs that are frequently marked for –ed as determined by corpus analysis appears to provide an advantage to production accuracy (Marchman et al., 1999; Oetting & Horohov, 1997).”
BackgroundInput and Age‐Dependent Variation in Second Language Learning: A Connectionist Account
Janciauskas, M., & Chang, F. (2017) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/cogs.12519 · Cited by 28
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“In studies of children with SLI, these children had greater diffi culty infl ecting low frequency words than their TD peers (Marchman et al., 1999; Oetting & Horohov, 1997).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialTowards a theory of multimorphemic word production: The heterogeneity of processing hypothesis
Cohen-Goldberg, A. (2013) · doi:10.1080/01690965.2012.759241 · Cited by 20
Phonological and lexical effects in verbal recall by children with specific language impairments
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“Both of these results are in contrast with the frequency results, in which children with SLI showed comparable sensitivity to typically developing peers (see also Mainela-Arnold et al., 2008; Marchman et al., 1999; Oetting and Rice, 1993).”
ResultJohnson, B. W., & Morris, S. R. (2007) · doi:10.1177/0265659007080682 · Cited by 20
“Empirical evidence from several studies suggests that the phonological composition of verb endings affects children’s production of the regular past tense (Berko, 1958; Oetting and Horohov, 1997; Marchman, Wulfeck and Weismer, 1999 ).”
BackgroundInfluentialCognitive and Linguistic Issues in the Study of Children with Specific Language Impairment
Leonard, L. B., & Deevy, P. (2006) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012369374-7/50031-6 · Cited by 19
Is Adult Second Language Acquisition Defective?
Dąbrowska, E., Becker, L., & Miorelli, L. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01839 · Cited by 15
Deevy, P., Leonard, L., & Marchman, V. A. (2017) · Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2016_jslhr-l-15-0153 · Cited by 19
Self-citationSerratrice, L., Joseph, K. L., & Conti‐Ramsden, G. (2003) · Linguistics · doi:10.1515/ling.2003.011 · Cited by 14
Werfel, K. L. (2018) · Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2018_jslhr-l-17-0406 · Cited by 18
“Over time, the gap in tense marking accuracy between children with SLI and children with typical language narrows in spoken language (Marchman et al., 1999; Rice et al., 1998)..”
BackgroundAcquisition of number agreement: effects of various processing demands
Reybroeck, M. V., & Hupet, M. M. (2009) · Journal of Writing Research · doi:10.17239/jowr-2009.01.02.3 · Cited by 11
“... were eliminated from the initial sample, either because they had obtained a score of less than -2 standard deviations for their age in the spelling or reading test, or because they were or had been receiving speech therapy for difficulties with the written language, or because they were to be considered as bilingu…”
Realisation of grammatical morphemes by children with phonological impairment
Howland, C., Baker, E., Munro, N., & Mcleod, S. (2018) · Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics · doi:10.1080/02699206.2018.1518487 · Cited by 17
“…phonological complexity (Marshall & Van Der Lely, 2007), phonotactic probability (Leonard et al., 2007), sonority (Riches, 2015), item frequency, phonological features of stems (Marchman et al., 1999), increased syntactic complexity and telicity (Owen, 2010; Owen Van Horne & Green Fager, 2015).”
BackgroundResultBlything, R., Ambridge, B., & Lieven, E. (2018) · Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1111/cogs.12581 · Cited by 17
“For example, Marchman (1997) (see also Marchman, Wulfeck, & Weismer, 1999) used an elicited production study to investigate children’s (aged 3;8 – 13;5) zero-marking errors with real English verbs (e.g., supplying try as the past-tense of try ).”
Paradis, J., Jia, R., & Arppe, A. (2017) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716416000485 · Cited by 18
Tense and Aspect in Childhood Language Impairment: Contributions from Hungarian
Leonard, L., Lukács, Á., & Kas, B. (2011) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716411000361 · Cited by 17
Conti-Ramsden, G., Botting, N., Knox, E., & Simkin, Z. (2002) · International journal of language and communication disorders · doi:10.1080/13682820110116866 · Cited by 17
Peter, V., Goswami, U., Burnham, D. K., & Kalashnikova, M. (2022) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2022.105217 · Cited by 8
Marshall, C. R., & van der Lely, H. K. J. (2012) · Morphology · doi:10.1007/s11525-011-9195-4 · Cited by 28
“The persistence of both null-marked and over-regularised forms has been shown to be due, in part, to the verb’s phonology (Matthews and Theakston 2006; Shipley et al. 1991; Marchman et al. 1999).”
The perfective past tense in Greek children with specific language impairment
Stavrakaki, S., Koutsandreas, K., & Clahsen, H. (2012) · Morphology · doi:10.1007/s11525-011-9194-5 · Cited by 15
Georgiou, G. P., & Theodorou, E. (2024) · Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science · doi:10.1007/s41347-024-00460-4 · Cited by 14
“These may include phonology (Aguilar-Mediavilla et al., 2002; Georgiou & Theororou, 2023a), morphology (Calter et al., 2023; Marchman et al., 1999), syntax (Georgiou & Theodorou, 2023b; Novogrodsky & Friedmann, 2006), semantics (Gladfelter et al., 2019; Haebig et al., 2017), and pragmatics (Adams,…”
Tense and plural formation in Welsh–English bilingual children with and without language impairment
Chondrogianni, V., & John, N. (2018) · International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders · doi:10.1111/1460-6984.12363 · Cited by 14
“The predictions of the usage-based account have been successfully applied to both monolingual (Marchman et al., 1999, Marchman et al., 2004, Christensen and Hansson, 2012) and bilingual children with SLI (Blom & Paradis, 2013) in the acquisition of tense.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialThe role of procedural memory in grammar and numeracy skills
Mimeau, C., Coleman, M., & Donlan, C. (2016) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2016.1223082 · Cited by 14
Abbeduto, L., Keller-Bell, Y. D., Richmond, E., & Murphy, M. M. (2006) · International review of research in mental retardation · doi:10.1016/s0074-7750(06)32001-0 · Cited by 13
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Language impairment in children with CI: An investigation of Swedish
Hansson, K., Ibertsson, T., Asker-Árnason, L., & Sahlén, B. (2018) · Lingua · doi:10.1016/j.lingua.2018.07.001 · Cited by 11
Tense Marking in the English Narrative Retells of Dual Language Preschoolers
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The PTT-20: UK normative data for 5- to 11-year-olds on a 20-item past-tense task
Conti‐Ramsden, G., Durkin, K., Simkin, Z., Lum, J. A. G., & Marchman, V. A. (2010) · International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders · doi:10.3109/13682822.2010.487884 · Cited by 7
Self-citationA method for assessing the use of first person verb forms by preschool-aged children with SLI
Polite, E. J., & Leonard, L. (2007) · Child Language Teaching and Therapy · doi:10.1177/0265659007083640 · Cited by 11
“Many children with SLI continue to show limitations in the use of these morphemes into the early elementary school grades ( Marchman et al., 1999; Norbury et al., 2001; Rice et al., 1998).”
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BackgroundThe Finite Verb Morphology Composite: Values From a Community Sample.
Rudolph, J., Dollaghan, C., & Crotteau, S. (2019) · Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2019_jslhr-l-18-0437 · Cited by 10
Forbidden Signs: Deafness and Language Socialization in Mexico City
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Spontaneous measures of morphosyntax in children with specific language impairment
Blake, J., Myszczyszyn, D., & Jokel, A. (2004) · doi:10.1017/s014271640400102x · Cited by 10
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Phonological Treatment Options for Children with Expressive Language Impairment
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“We also found that specific inflectional suffixes typically considered to be problematic for children with SLI (the 3S and PAST suffixes) were relatively less frequent in caregiver speech than an inflectional suffix typically considered to be a relative strength for children with SLI (the PL) (Marchman et al., 1999; R…”
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Grammatical Characteristics of Vietnamese and English in Developing Bilingual Children
Dam, Q. D., Pham, G. T., Potapova, I., & Pruitt-Lord, S. L. (2020) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2019_ajslp-19-00146 · Cited by 17
Verb Selection and Past-Tense Morphology: Crystal's Criteria Revisited
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“Neighborhood structure is determined by the frequency of co-occurrence of certain phonological patterns in words (Marchman et al., 1999).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe competition–compensation account of developmental language disorder
Harmon, Z., Barak, L., Shafto, P., Edwards, J., & Feldman, N. H. (2022) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.13364 · Cited by 7
“As mentioned earlier, these suffixes are not entirely absent in the speech of children with DLD (e.g., Marchman et al., 1999).”
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“For example, Marchman et al. have shown that children with SLI and children with TL are more likely to omit past tense marking in spoken language on words with stem-final alveolars (e.g., skate, need; Marchman, 1997; Marchman et al., 1999).”
BackgroundBaron, A., Wagley, N., Hu, X., & Kovelman, I. (2023) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2023_jslhr-22-00598 · Cited by 7
Rule-based learning of regular past tense in children with specific language impairment
Smith-Lock, K. (2015) · Cognitive Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/02643294.2014.951610 · Cited by 6
“Certainly, phonological effects on the acquisition of inflectional morphology have been documented in children with SLI (Eyer & Leonard, 1994; Marchman et al., 1999; Marshall & Van der Lely, 2007; Oetting & Horohov, 1997).”
Riches, N. G. (2015) · Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics · doi:10.3109/02699206.2015.1027832 · Cited by 6
“Marchman et al. (1999) found zero suffixation rates of approximately 25% in an SLI group with ages ranging from 6”
BackgroundDevelopmental Language Disorder: A Consequence of Exemplar-Based Learning?
Riches, N. G. (2025) · First Language · doi:10.1177/01427237251371762 · Cited by 3
“Marchman et al. (1999) found that children with DLD ( n = 31) were less likely to add the regular past tense suffix to verbs where the stem already ends in an alveolar plosive for example * he mend PAST .”
Olsen, L. S., & de López, K. M. J. (2024) · International journal of language and communication disorders · doi:10.1111/1460-6984.13131 · Cited by 4
“English-speaking children with DLD have been the subject of most research in the field of DLD and their language use exhibits errors involving verb tense marking, agreement and complex sentence structure (Leonard, 1998; Marchman et al., 1999; Rice & Wexler, 1996).”
Payesteh, B., & Finestack, L. H. (2021) · Clinical Archives of Communication Disorders · doi:10.21849/cacd.2021.00479 · Cited by 4
“Researchers have found that error patterns in narratives indicate language impairment in bilingual children [30-35].”
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Solorio, T. (2013) · Language and Linguistics Compass · doi:10.1111/lnc3.12054 · Cited by 4
“…children, there is a wide variety of language tests that clinicians can use as norms to establish deficient language skills: past tense task (Marchman et al. 1999), third person singular task (Simkin and Conti-Ramsden 2001), clinical evaluation of language fundamentals fourth edition (Semel…”
BackgroundHeritage languages: A new laboratory for empirical linguistics
Dąbrowska, E. (2013) · doi:10.1515/tl-2013-0011 · Cited by 4
“It is not until age 5;0 or later that marking rates approach 100% (Rice et al. 1998, Marchman et al. 1999).”
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Productivity, Proceduralization and Specific Language Impairment
Dąbrowska, E. (2011) · Human Development · doi:10.1159/000321290 · Cited by 4
Sentence complexity in children with autism and specific language impairment
McConnell, S. E. A. (2010) · doi:10.17077/etd.jswmmxnf · Cited by 4
Kueser, J. B., & Leonard, L. (2020) · Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2019_jslhr-19-00155 · Cited by 3
“…the child-directed input to a degree similar to that of ageor language-matched children with TD at the level of morphologically inflected forms (Kueser et al., 2018; Marchman et al., 1999) and other single words (Coady et al., 2013; Mainela-Arnold et al., 2008, 2010; but see Rispens et al., 2015).”
BackgroundChondrogianni, V., & Kwon, H. (2019) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716418000772 · Cited by 4
“Although studies have reported effects of frequency and morphophonology for monolingual children with and without SLI (Marchman et al., 1999; van der Lely & Ullman, 2001), only a handful of studies has investigated these factors in L2 children’s acquisition of English tense and agreement…”
BackgroundInfluences of Phonological Context on Tense Marking in Spanish-English Dual Language Learners.
Combiths, P. N., Barlow, J., Potapova, I., & Pruitt-Lord, S. (2017) · Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2017_jslhr-l-16-0402 · Cited by 3
“Initial studies of the influence of phonological context on morpheme marking rates directly examined the influence of preceding phonological contexts that result in either monosegmental or syllabic allomorphs (i.e., [-t] or [-d], as in popped /pɑpt/ or filled /fɪld/, vs. syllabic [-ɪd], as in started /stɑɹtɪd/), conve…”
BackgroundInfluentialEnglish Verb Accuracy of Bilingual Cantonese–English Preschoolers
Rezzonico, S., Goldberg, A., Milburn, T. F., Belletti, A., & Girolametto, L. E. (2017) · Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools · doi:10.1044/2017_lshss-16-0054 · Cited by 8
The acquisition of English past tense in bilingual children
Lu, Y.-T. (2016) · doi:10.15781/t2736m615 · Cited by 3
“It had been reported that irregular verbs with stem-final alveolar stop were less likely to have suffixation errors, but were more likely to incur bare stem errors (e.g., Marchman et al., 1999).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPrigent, G., Parisse, C., Leclercq, A., & Maillart, C. (2015) · Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics · doi:10.3109/02699206.2015.1020451 · Cited by 10
“These predictions should hold for verbal morphology (inflectional verbal morphology with different tense markers) which is considered to be particularly fragile in children with SLI (Marchman et al., 1999; Rice & Wexler, 1996) and also for the variety of structures (grammatical complexity) which are more rigid in this…”
BackgroundInfluentialLee, S., & Gorman, B. K. (2009) · doi:10.1177/1525740108324095 · Cited by 3
“Marchman, Wulfeck, and Weismer (1999) examined verb morphology in children with and without SLI.”
BackgroundResultMueller, K. L., Murray, J. C., Duff, M., Pennington, B. F., Zubrowski, P., & Tomblin, J. B. (2012) · doi:10.17077/etd.dfynfxnz · Cited by 2
Laurence B. Leonard, C. A. M. (2000) · doi:10.1080/026992000415886 · Cited by 2
“…and auxiliary be forms (is, are, am), regular past -ed, and present third person singular -s (e.g. Ingram, 1972; Fletcher and Peters, 1984; Rice et al., 1995; Hadley and Rice, 1996; Cleave and Rice, 1997; Leonard et al., 1997; Oetting and Horohov, 1997; Leonard et al., 1999; Marchman et al., 1999).”
BackgroundJacobson, P. F., & Yu, Y. H. (2018) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2018_jslhr-l-17-0044 · Cited by 9
Rhythmic Sensitivity and Developmental Language Disorder in Children
Richards, S. (2017) · Apollo (University of Cambridge) · doi:10.17863/cam.16801 · Cited by 2
Gagiano, S., & Southwood, F. (2015) · Stellenbosch Papers in Linguistics · doi:10.5774/44-0-187 · Cited by 2
Language Disorders and Language Evolution: Constraints on Hypotheses
Benítez‐Burraco, A., & Boeckx, C. A. (2013) · Biological Theory · doi:10.1007/s13752-013-0148-5 · Cited by 10
Morton, I., Tirado, V., Ellis, E. M., & Pham, L. (2025) · International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders · doi:10.1111/1460-6984.70063 · Cited by 1
Filipino Children’s Acquisition of Nominal and Verbal Markers in L1 and L2 Tagalog
Barrios, A., & Garcia, R. (2023) · Languages · doi:10.3390/languages8030188 · Cited by 1
“For example, typically developing English-speaking children show errors in producing the past tense of verbs, albeit only minimally (Marchman et al. 1999, testing 6;3–12;2 children; Marshall and van der Lely 2012, testing 5;4–8;5 children).”
BackgroundRussell, K. M. H., Wilder, A., & Wambaugh, J. L. (2023) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2023_ajslp-22-00038 · Cited by 1
Inflectional zero morphology – Linguistic myth or neurocognitive reality?
Alekseeva, M., Myachykov, A., & Юрьевич, Ш. Ю. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1015435 · Cited by 1
Treating Children With Co-Occurring Phonological Disorder and Language Impairment
Westby, C. (2020) · doi:10.1177/1048395020949087a · Cited by 1
“Although children with LI are less accurate, they also demonstrate this pattern (Marchman, 1997; Marchman et al., 1994; Oetting & Horohov, 1997).”
BackgroundAuditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorder: When the Audiogram Does Not Tell the Full Story
(2020) · Word of Mouth · doi:10.1177/1048395020949087b · Cited by 1
Saviciute, E. (2020) · University of Liverpool · doi:10.17638/03086113
“197 Additionally, unlike studies investigating the English past tense or plural production (e.g., Marchman, 1997; Marchman et al., 1999), the current study required children to substitute, rather than add inflections to the stem.”
BackgroundAcquiring diminutive allomorphs: taking item-specific characteristics into account
Boersma, T. A., Rispens, J., Weerman, F., & Baker, A. E. (2019) · Journal of Child Language · doi:10.1017/s0305000919000047
“Differences in production accuracies of allomorphs, i.e., phonologically variant forms of morphemes, have been observed in many languages with some allomorphic forms reaching adult-like accuracies before others (Bybee & Slobin, 1982; Kerkhoff, 2007; Matthews & Theakston, 2006; Rispens & de Bree, 2014; Royle & Stine, 2…”
BackgroundInfluentialAmbridge, B., Kidd, E., Rowland, C. F., & Theakston, A. (2015) · Journal of Child Language · doi:10.1017/s0305000914000841
Linguistic characteristics of SLI in Afrikaans
Southwood, F., & van Hout, R. (2012) · Stellenbosch Papers in Linguistics Plus · doi:10.5842/37-0-46 · Cited by 1
Tense Characteristics of Children with Specific Language Impairment
강, 정., Kim, H., & 방, 선. (2010) · doi:10.21075/kacsn.2010.12.2.169 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Marchman, V. A., Wulfeck, B., & Weismer, S. E.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas at Dallas (US)
- San Diego State University (US)
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research
- Published
- 1999-02
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 206-219
- ISSN
- 1092-4388 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-9102
- OpenAlex
- W2063303530
- Cited by
- 233
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 15.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Ministry of Earth Sciences
- Ministry of Education, India
- National Institutes of Health (7r29dc000787-06)
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (DCR29 011, DC00787, DCR29 02292)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Keywords
- specific language impairment, morphological productivity, inflectional morphology, past tense, zero marking, item frequency, phonological features, neighborhood similarity, dual-mechanism model, elementary school students, English morphology
- MeSH terms
- Child, Child Language, Humans, Language Disorders, Language Tests, Severity of Illness Index
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