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Morphological Productivity in Children With Normal Language and SLI: A Study of the English Past Tense
Abstract
Children with specific language impairment (SLI) are known to display persistent difficulties with inflectional morphology—in particular, the overuse of unmarked grammatical forms (i.e., zero-marking). Yet, several recent studies have shown that English-speaking children with SLI, like their normal language peers (NL), demonstrate a considerable degree of productive language abilities (e.g., Bishop, 1994; Loeb & Leonard, 1991; Oetting & Horohov, 1997). In this study, we explore productivity in the English past tense in school-age children with SLI (N=31) and NL (N=31) who were equivalent as a group in chronological and mental age. Although children in both groups produced a range of error types, the children with SLI produced significantly more errors, with a greater proportion resulting from zero-marking (e.g.,go) than suffixation (e.g.,goed). Item analyses indicated that suffixations and zero-markings were predicted by item frequency, phonological features of stems, and similarity relationships across items (i.e., neighborhood structure) in both groups, yet children with SLI were more sensitive to item phonology than their NL peers. Results are interpreted in light of the predictions of dual- versus single-mechanism models of morphological productivity. Implications for accounts of SLI are discussed.
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“For example, the high-frequency irregulars blew and feet are less likely to be over-regularized (e.g. *blowed, *foots) than the low-frequency irregulars drank and shelves (e.g. *drinked and *shelfs)”
From The ubiquity of frequency effects in first language acquisition (2015) · cites this paper as Marchman, Wulfeck & Weismer, 1999
In the citing paper
“With regard to absolute frequency, this domain illustrates the common finding that the more frequent the irregular form (in absolute terms), the more likely children are to produce this form, as opposed to an error”
From The ubiquity of frequency effects in first language acquisition (2015) · cites this paper as Marchman, Wulfeck & Weismer, 1999
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BackgroundResultInfluentialRisk markers for SLI: A study of young language-learning children
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Self-citationRice, M. L., Smith, S. D., & Gayán, J. (2009) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11689-009-9031-x · Cited by 122
“Significant heritability in twins is reported for NWR and TNS [25] with a tense marking task originally developed in the lab of Rice as an experimental precursor to a standardized test [26] The SLI Consortium used another experimental TNS task [27].”
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“…three initial samples were administered the Children’s Test of Nonword Repetition (CNRep; Gathercole & Baddeley, 1996), a standardized phonological memory task particularly sensitive to language impairment, and a past tense production (PTP) task derived from Marchman, Wulfeck, and Weismer (1999).”
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BackgroundEnglish Past Tense Use in Bilingual Children With Language Impairment
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“Late acquisition of grammatical morphemes is characteristic of SLI (Johnston and Schery 1976, Khan and James 1983, Johnston and Khami 1984, Leonard et al. 1988, Bliss 1989, Marchman et al. 1999).”
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Surface Forms and Grammatical Functions
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“For example, Oetting and Horohov (1997), Marchman, Wulfeck, and Ellis Weismer (1999), Norbury, Bishop, and Briscoe (2001), and van der Lely and Ullman (2001) have all reported that children with SLI were more likely to use past tense with frequently occurring verbs than with infrequently occurring verbs. However, othe…”
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“Based on Marchman et al. (1999), we expected that children with SLI would be more likely to produce non-valid responses than their TD peers.”
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Kidd, E., & Kirjavainen, M. (2011) · Language and Cognitive Processes · doi:10.1080/01690965.2010.493735 · Cited by 54
Weismer, S. E., Davidson, M. M., Gangopadhyay, I., Sindberg, H. A., Roebuck, H., & Kaushanskaya, M. (2017) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/s11689-017-9209-6 · Cited by 83
Self-citationHesketh, A., & Conti‐Ramsden, G. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056314 · Cited by 44
“Past Tense morphology elicitation task (PT [40]).”
BackgroundMethodEvans, J. L. (2001) · Journal of Communication Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0021-9924(00)00040-x · Cited by 50
“For example, Marchman and colleagues ( Marchman, Wulfeck, & Ellis Weismer, 1999 ) observed that the omission of bound morphemes in a group of children with SLI occurred only on verbs having low frequency of occurrence in spoken English.”
BackgroundRole of phonotactic frequency in nonword repetition by children with specific language impairments
Coady, J. A., Evans, J. L., & Kluender, K. R. (2010) · International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders · doi:10.3109/13682820903222783 · Cited by 47
“In a past-tense marking study, Marchman et al. (1999) reported that children with SLI made more errors producing past tense forms than did unimpaired peers.”
BackgroundProduction operations and the use of nonfinite verbs by children with specific language impairment.
Leonard, L. B., Miller, C. A., Deevy, P., Rauf, L., Gerber, E., & Charest, M. (2002) · Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2002/060 · Cited by 50
Engelmann, F., Granlund, S., Kołak, J., Szreder, M., Ambridge, B., Pine, J. M., Theakston, A., & Lieven, E. (2019) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2019.02.001 · Cited by 76
“Children’s errors may therefore be better predicted when defining phonological neighbourhood in terms of stem-rhyme similarity on the basis of phonological features, and differentiating between friends (neighbours with the same inflection) and enemies (neighbours with a different inflection), as has been done in earli…”
Hansson, K., & Leonard, L. (2003) · doi:10.1515/ling.2003.012 · Cited by 48
Yont, K. M., Hewitt, L., & Miccio, A. W. (2002) · Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics · doi:10.1080/02699200210126523 · Cited by 48
Inhibitory Control Predicts Grammatical Ability
Ibbotson, P., & Kearvell-White, J. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0145030 · Cited by 47
“PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0145030 December 14, 2015 2 / 8 Past Tense Elicitation Task The PPT-20 was developed by Conti-Ramsden et al [19] as an adaption of the well-known Marchman et al [22] past tense task.”
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Problems with tense marking in children with specific language impairment: not how but when
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“We know that children’s ability to produce inflections is influenced by factors such as the frequency of the stem, frequency of the inflected form, phonological composition of the stem and inflected form and semantic aspects of the verb [16,17,22–24].”
BackgroundMontgomery, J., & Leonard, L. (2006) · Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2006/089 · Cited by 44
Granlund, S., Kołak, J., Vihman, V., Engelmann, F., Lieven, E., Pine, J. M., Theakston, A., & Ambridge, B. (2019) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2019.04.004 · Cited by 72
Current Practice of Child Grammar Intervention: A Survey of Speech-Language Pathologists
Finestack, L. H., & Satterlund, K. E. (2018) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2018_ajslp-17-0168 · Cited by 65
Markers for persistent specific expressive language delay in 3-4-year-olds.
Everitt, A., Hannaford, P., & Conti-Ramsden, G. (2013) · International journal of language and communication disorders · doi:10.1111/1460-6984.12028 · Cited by 42
Moyle, M., Karasinski, C., Weismer, S. E., & Gorman, B. K. (2011) · Language, Speech & Hearing Services in Schools · doi:10.1044/0161-1461(2011/10-0029 · Cited by 42
Self-citationContribution of phonological and broader language skills to literacy.
Fraser, J., & Conti-Ramsden, G. (2008) · International journal of language and communication disorders · doi:10.1080/13682820701778069 · Cited by 42
Delay or deficit? Spelling processes in children with specific language impairment.
Larkin, R. F., Williams, G., & Blaggan, S. (2013) · Journal of Communication Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2013.07.003 · Cited by 41
Marshall, C., Marinis, T., & van der Lely, H. V. D. (2007) · Lingua · doi:10.1016/j.lingua.2006.07.001 · Cited by 41
“According to some researchers, it reflects an impairment in auditory processing, which affects the perception of suffixes of low perceptual salience and rapid duration at the end of verbs (Joanisse and Seidenberg, 1998; Karmiloff-Smith, 1998; Marchman et al., 1999).”
BackgroundPawłowska, M. (2014) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2014_jslhr-l-13-0189 · Cited by 56
Chiat, S., & Roy, P. (2013) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2013/12-0249 · Cited by 39
Ambridge, B. (2010) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0020668 · Cited by 40
Leonard, L., Fey, M. E., Deevy, P., & Bredin-Oja, S. L. (2014) · Journal of Child Language · doi:10.1017/s0305000914000397 · Cited by 38
Predicting children's errors with negative questions: Testing a schema-combination account
Ambridge, B., & Rowland, C. F. (2009) · Cognitive Linguistics · doi:10.1515/cogl.2009.014 · Cited by 38
An Elicited‐Production Study of Inflectional Verb Morphology in Child Finnish
RÄSÄNEN, S. H. M., Ambridge, B., & Pine, J. M. (2015) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/cogs.12305 · Cited by 42
Frequency effects in phonological acquisition
Edwards, J., Beckman, M. E., & Munson, B. (2015) · Journal of Child Language · doi:10.1017/s0305000914000634 · Cited by 59
Universal Grammar and Biological Variation: An EvoDevo Agenda for Comparative Biolinguistics
Benítez‐Burraco, A., & Boeckx, C. A. (2014) · Biological Theory · doi:10.1007/s13752-014-0164-0 · Cited by 54
“For instance, inflectional morphology is problematic not just for people with specific language impairment (Marchman et al. 1999), but also for those suffering from speechsound disorder (Mortimer and Rvachew 2010), Down’s syndrome (Eadie et al. 2002), or (a subtype of) autism (Roberts et al. 2004).”
BackgroundHorne, A. O. V., Fey, M. E., & Curran, M. K. (2017) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2017_jslhr-l-17-0001 · Cited by 55
“Computational models describing past-tense production emphasize that verbs that end in alveolar sounds may be treated as already marked for tense and thus be more likely to have a tense omission when the syllabic allomorph is required (Marchman et al., 1999).”
BackgroundPast tense grammaticality judgment and production in non-native and stressed native English speakers
McDonald, J. L., & Roussel, C. C. (2010) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728909990599 · Cited by 65
A longitudinal investigation of morpho-syntax in children with Speech Sound Disorders
Mortimer, J., & Rvachew, S. (2009) · Journal of Communication Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2009.10.001 · Cited by 33
Associations Between Key Language-Related Measures in Typically Developing School-Age Children
Archibald, L. M. D., Joanisse, M., & Shepherd, M. (2008) · Zeitschrift für Psychologie · doi:10.1027/0044-3409.216.3.161 · Cited by 33
Lum, J. A. G., & Kidd, E. (2012) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2011/10-0137 · Cited by 31
Christensen, R. V., & Hansson, K. (2012) · Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2012/10-0350 · Cited by 31
Production of the English past tense by children with language comprehension impairments
Nation, K., Snowling, M. J., & Clarke, P. J. (2005) · Journal of Child Language · doi:10.1017/s0305000904006555 · Cited by 31
Children’s Productions of the Affix -edin Past Tense and Past Participle Contexts
Redmond, S. M. (2003) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2003/086 · Cited by 25
Metadata
- Authors
- Marchman, V. A., Wulfeck, B., & Weismer, S. E.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas at Dallas (US)
- San Diego State University (US)
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research
- Published
- 1999-02
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 206-219
- ISSN
- 1092-4388 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-9102
- OpenAlex
- W2063303530
- Cited by
- 233
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 15.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Ministry of Earth Sciences
- Ministry of Education, India
- National Institutes of Health (7r29dc000787-06)
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (DCR29 011, DC00787, DCR29 02292)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Keywords
- specific language impairment, morphological productivity, inflectional morphology, past tense, zero marking, item frequency, phonological features, neighborhood similarity, dual-mechanism model, elementary school students, English morphology
- MeSH terms
- Child, Child Language, Humans, Language Disorders, Language Tests, Severity of Illness Index
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