The DOI matches its Crossref record; 20 of the 21 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Classification of Children With Specific Language Impairment: Longitudinal Considerations
Abstract
This paper reports on the longitudinal results of a large project involving 242 seven-year-old children attending language units in England. Following our work outlining 6 subgroups of children with language impairment (Conti-Ramsden, Crutchley, & Botting, 1997), we examine the stability of the 6 subgroups of children with specific language impairment already identified, using data collected from the same children at age 8 years. The findings suggest there is considerable stability in the patterns of difficulties delineated by the classification system involving 6 subgroups. Poorer stability was evident in the classification of the children across time with 45% of children moving across subgroups. The membership stability of the proposed classification system was very similar to that found when the children were classified into 3 subgroups following another well-known system (Rapin, 1996). The findings are discussed with particular reference to issues surrounding the classification of children with SLI.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“DLD presents with a heterogeneous profile (Leonard, 1998), with considerable individual variability in severity, language areas affected, and changes in the nature/severity of deficits over time (Conti-Ramsden & Botting, 1999).”
From Early Identification of Language Disorders Using Natural Language Processing and Machine Learning: Challenges and Emerging Approaches (2025) · cites this paper as Conti-Ramsden & Botting, 1999
Citations
Cites
Cluster Analysis for Applications
(1973) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2013-0-06161-0 · Cited by 5,112
de López, K. M. J. (2010) · Cited by 877
Goldman‐Fristoe Test of Articulation 2
(2014) · Encyclopedia of Special Education · doi:10.1002/9781118660584.ese1037 · Cited by 846
Review of Goldman-Fristoe Test of Articulation.
Sherman, D. (1970) · Professional Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0020663 · Cited by 793
Bishop, D., & Edmundson, A. (1987) · Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders · doi:10.1044/jshd.5202.156 · Cited by 660
Swinson, J. M. (2013) · Educational Psychology in Practice · doi:10.1080/02667363.2013.853380 · Cited by 609
THE ILLINOIS TEST OF PSYCHOLINGUISTIC ABILITIES:
Clark, F. A. (1982) · Physical & Occupational Therapy In Pediatrics · doi:10.1080/j006v02n04_04 · Cited by 455
The Extent to Which Psychometric Tests Differentiate Subgroups of Children With SLI
Conti‐Ramsden, G., Crutchley, A., & Botting, N. (1997) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/jslhr.4004.765 · Cited by 326
Self-citationPractitioner Review: Developmental Language Disorders: A Clinical Update
Rapin, I. (1996) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01456.x · Cited by 203
Rice, M. L. (2013) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203763476 · Cited by 189
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Elliot C. D., 1983, British ability scales
- Office for National Statistics, 1998, Family Spending 1996/1997
- Rapin I., 1987, Proceedings of the first international symposium on specific speech and language disorders in children, 20
- Raven J. C., 1986, Coloured progressive matrices
- Renfrew C., 1991, The bus story: A test of continuous speech
- Wilcox K. A., 1995, Building a language-focused curriculum for the pre-school classroom, 171
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–334 of 334
Les classifications des troubles spécifiques du langage oral : qu’en penser en 2016 ?
Avenet, S., Lemaître, M.-P., & Vallée, L. (2016) · Archives de Pédiatrie · doi:10.1016/j.arcped.2016.07.009
Zwerlein, J. C. (2016) · UWM Digital Commons (University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee)
The socio-emotional functioning of primary aged children with specific language impairment
Bakopoulou, I. (2010) · IOE EPrints
Dockrell, J. E., Ricketts, J., Palikara, O., Charman, T., & Lindsay, G. (2012)
Effects of Immediate and Cumulative Syntactic Experience in Language Impairment
Garraffa, M., & Branigan, H. P. (2016)
Development of a Checklist for the Assessment of Pragmatic Language Impairment
Pervaiz, S., Khan, M. U., & Aziz, S. (2014) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)
Pandolfe, J. M. (2015) · OpenCommons - UConn (University of Connecticut)
A study of inhibition in preschool children at risk of Developmental Language Disorder
Thomas, S. A. (2020) · University of Hertfordshire Research Archive (University of Hertfordshire) · doi:10.18745/th.23062
Przebieg rozwoju mowy u dzieci z SLI-PE i LB – analiza porównawcza
Jastrzębowska, G., Jastrzębowska, A., Woś, A., & Stanek, K. (2017) · Logopedia
A Literature Review on Processing deficit profile in Children with Specific Language Impairment(SLI)
김화수, & 이세연 (2015) · The Journal of Special Children Education · doi:10.21075/kacsn.2015.17.1.149
Taaltherapie bij kinderen met taalontwikkelingsproblemen
Peters, H. F. M., Bastiaanse, R., Borsel, J. V., Jansonius-Schultheiss, K., Dejonckere, P. H. O., der Meulen, S. V., & Mondelaers, B. J. E. (2014) · Bohn Stafleu van Loghum eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-368-0796-8_15
Zaburzenia semantyczne i pragmatyczne – problemy terminologii
Hrycyna, E. (2021) · Logopedia · doi:10.24335/ga0e-5s04
Fonologische en articulatorische planningsstoornissen: modellen en vormen
Peters, H. F. M., Bastiaanse, R., Borsel, J. V., Dejonckere, P. H. O., Jansonius-Schultheiss, K., der Meulen, S. V., & Mondelaers, B. J. E. (2014) · Bohn Stafleu van Loghum eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-368-0784-5_1
A newsletter dedicated to speech & language in school-age children
(2008) · Word of Mouth · doi:10.1177/10483950080200020101
(2018) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.1111/mono.12354
(2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-2-294-70759-9.00015-x
(2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-3-437-47784-3.16001-0
Goswami, U. (2002) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470996652.refs
(2006) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-343747780-5.50023-0
Sprachentwicklungsstörungen (SES)
(2006) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-3-437-47785-0.00003-5
Language impairment and executive functioning in children
Everaert, E. (2023) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) · doi:10.33540/1715
Gomozova, M., Lezzhova, V., Dragoy, O., & Lopukhina, A. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/3npwt
Alnemary, F. M., Alroqi, H., Dashash, N., Al-Dakroury, W. A., Aljahlan, Y., Almohammadi, A., Faquih, N., Alsulaiman, R., Alaslani, K., Madani, D., et al. (2025) · Proceedings in Technology Transfer · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-8588-9_28
Developmental Language Disorders
Thordardottir, E. T. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-10944-7.00072-x
Thordardottir, E. T., Law, J., & Roulstone, S. (2020) · The Conversation · doi:10.64628/aam.whevn5rkq
Las categorías de género y número en el Trastorno de Desarrollo del Lenguaje
Ríos, M. D. L., Sánchez, M. E., & Brandani, L. (2025) · Borealis – An International Journal of Hispanic Linguistics · doi:10.7557/1.14.3.8227
Jacobs, D. (2012) · RMIT Research Repository (RMIT University Library) · doi:10.25439/rmt.27333462
Cygan, H. B., & Bryłka, M. (2026) · Nowa Audiofonologia · doi:10.17431/na/209943
Etude des processus de rééducation dans le cas des troubles spécifiques du développement du langage
da Silva-Genest, C. (2014) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.35662/unine-thesis-2452 · Cited by 2
Mackie, L. (2010) · Queen Margaret University Publications Repository (Queen Margaret University)
Harrington, V. (2011) · Wolverhampton Intellectual Repository and E-Theses (University of Wolverhampton)
Specific Language Impairment in Families
Flax, J. F., Realpe-Bonilla, T., Hirsch, L. S., Brzustowicz, L. M., Bartlett, C. W., & Tallal, P. (2003) · Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2003/043
Metadata
- Authors
- Conti-Ramsden, G., & Botting, N.
- Affiliations
- Centre for the Study of Language Impairments University of Manchester Manchester, United Kingdom
- University of Manchester (GB)
- ORCID
- Botting, Nicola
- Venue
- Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research
- Published
- 1999-10
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1195-1204
- ISSN
- 1092-4388 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-9102
- OpenAlex
- W2093496261
- Cited by
- 334
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 12.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Nuffield Foundation
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Hearing Impairment and Communication
- Keywords
- specific language impairment, subgroup classification, classification stability, longitudinal follow-up, linguistic units, children with language impairment
- MeSH terms
- Child, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Language Disorders, Language Tests, Male, Severity of Illness Index, Reproducibility of Results, Cluster Analysis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review