The DOI matches its Crossref record; 36 of the 36 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Aging- and Photoaging-Dependent Changes of Enzymic and Nonenzymic Antioxidants in the Epidermis and Dermis of Human Skin In Vivo
Open accessAbstract
This is a comprehensive study of the changes in major antioxidant enzymes and antioxidant molecules during intrinsic aging and photoaging processes in the epidermis and dermis of human skin in vivo. We show that the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase are not changed during these processes in human skin in vivo. Interestingly, the activity of catalase was significantly increased in the epidermis of photoaged (163%) and naturally aged (118%) skin (n = 9), but it was significantly lower in the dermis of photoaged (67% of the young skin level) and naturally aged (55%) skin compared with young (n = 7) skin. The activity of glutathione reductase was significantly higher (121%) in naturally aged epidermis. The concentration of alpha-tocopherol was significantly lower in the epidermis of photoaged (56% of young skin level) and aged (61%) skin, but this was not found to be the case in the dermis. Ascorbic acid levels were lower in both epidermis (69% and 61%) and dermis (63% and 70%) of photoaged and naturally aged skin, respectively. Gluta thione concentrations were also lower. Uric acid did not show any significant changes. Our results suggest that the components of the antioxidant defense system in human skin are probably regulated in a complex manner during the intrinsic aging and photoaging processes.
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“Normal skin contains high concentrations of vitamin C, with levels comparable to other body tissues and well above plasma concentrations, suggesting active accumulation from the circulation.”
From The Roles of Vitamin C in Skin Health. (2017) · cites this paper as [25]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Levels of vitamin C in skin are similar to the levels of other water soluble antioxidants such as glutathione [25,26,27,35].”
From The Roles of Vitamin C in Skin Health. (2017) · cites this paper as [25]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Acute exposure of skin to UV radiation can cause sunburn, resulting in a large inflammatory response causing characteristic redness, swelling and heat. In addition, altered pigmentation, immune suppression and damage to the dermal extracellular matrix can occur [24,25,56,142,143].”
From The Roles of Vitamin C in Skin Health. (2017) · cites this paper as [25]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“While the skin contains endogenous antioxidant defences, vitamins E and C and antioxidant enzymes to quench these oxidants and repair the resultant damage, these antioxidants will be consumed by repeated exposure and the skin’s defences can thereby be overwhelmed [25,138,139,140,141].”
From The Roles of Vitamin C in Skin Health. (2017) · cites this paper as [25]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“While the skin contains endogenous antioxidant defences, vitamins E and C and antioxidant enzymes to quench these oxidants and repair the resultant damage, these antioxidants will be consumed by repeated exposure and the skin’s defences can thereby be overwhelmed [25,138,139,140,141].”
From The Roles of Vitamin C in Skin Health. (2017) · cites this paper as [25]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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In the citing paper
“Studies have shown that vitamin C levels were lower in photoaged and naturally aged skin 3”
From Efficacy of topical vitamin C in melasma and photoaging: A systematic review (2023) · cites this paper as [3]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Several reports have indicated that vitamin C levels are lower in aged or photodamaged skin [25,26,27].”
From The Roles of Vitamin C in Skin Health. (2017) · cites this paper as [25]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Indeed, more vitamin C is found in the epidermal layer than in the dermis, with differences of 2–5-fold between the two layers being consistently reported (Table 1 and [25,26]).”
From The Roles of Vitamin C in Skin Health. (2017) · cites this paper as [25]
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In the citing paper
“Most of the vitamin C in the skin appears to be in intracellular compartments, with concentrations likely to be in the millimolar range [25,26,27].”
From The Roles of Vitamin C in Skin Health. (2017) · cites this paper as [25]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Acute exposure of skin to UV radiation can cause sunburn, resulting in a large inflammatory response causing characteristic redness, swelling and heat. In addition, altered pigmentation, immune suppression and damage to the dermal extracellular matrix can occur [24,25,56,142,143].”
From The Roles of Vitamin C in Skin Health. (2017) · cites this paper as [25]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“It functions as a cofactor of proline and lysine hydroxylases, which are responsible for the tertiary structure of collagen; promotes the expression of collagen genes; and activates the production of collagen mRNA by fibroblasts [50].”
From Bioactive Compounds for Skin Health: A Review (2021) · cites this paper as [50]
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, a combination of vitamin C and other vitamins, including vitamin E, is more effective at reducing melanin than vitamin C alone and can be used for treating skin discoloration, e.g., age spots or melasma [50,68].”
From Bioactive Compounds for Skin Health: A Review (2021) · cites this paper as [50]
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Citations
Cites
Aging: a theory based on free radical and radiation chemistry
Harman, D. (1956) · Journal of Gerontology · doi:10.1093/geronj/11.3.298 · Cited by 8,567
Carlberg, I., & Mannervik, B. (1985) · Methods in enzymology on CD-ROM/Methods in enzymology · doi:10.1016/s0076-6879(85)13062-4 · Cited by 3,055
Wendel, A. (1981) · Methods in enzymology on CD-ROM/Methods in enzymology · doi:10.1016/s0076-6879(81)77046-0 · Cited by 3,032
[70] Determination of glutathione and glutathione disulfide in biological samples
Anderson, M. E. (1985) · Methods in enzymology on CD-ROM/Methods in enzymology · doi:10.1016/s0076-6879(85)13073-9 · Cited by 2,755
Handbook of methods for oxygen radical research
Greenwald, R. A. (1987) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0891-5849(87)80012-6 · Cited by 2,388
Harman, D. (1981) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.78.11.7124 · Cited by 1,915
Oxygen radicals and human disease
CROSS, C. E., HALLIWELL, B., BORISH, E. T., PRYOR, W. A., AMES, B. N., SAUL, R. L., McCORD, J. M., & HARMAN, D. (1987) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-107-4-526 · Cited by 1,856
CRC handbook of methods for oxygen radical research
Bogomolets, B. B. (1985) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/0531-5565(85)90021-x · Cited by 1,551
Pathophysiology of Premature Skin Aging Induced by Ultraviolet Light
Fisher, G. J., Wang, Z., Datta, S. C., Varani, J., Kang, S., & Voorhees, J. J. (1997) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199711133372003 · Cited by 1,501
Direct observation of a free radical interaction between vitamin E and vitamin C
Packer, J. E., Slater, T. F., & WILLSON, R. L. (1979) · Nature · doi:10.1038/278737a0 · Cited by 1,473
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Vessey, 1993, The cutaneous antioxidant system, Clin Dermatol, 8, 81
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Carr, A., & Maggini, S. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9111211 · Cited by 2,035
Oxidative Stress in Aging Human Skin
Rinnerthaler, M., Bischof, J., Streubel, M., Trost, A., & Richter, K. (2015) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom5020545 · Cited by 1,053
The Roles of Vitamin C in Skin Health.
Pullar, J., Carr, A., & Vissers, M. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9080866 · Cited by 756
“In addition, altered pigmentation, immune suppression and damage to the dermal extracellular matrix can occur [24,25,56,142,143].”
BackgroundPillai, S., Oresajo, C., & Hayward, J. (2005) · International Journal of Cosmetic Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-2494.2004.00241.x · Cited by 706
Plant-Derived Antioxidants: Significance in Skin Health and the Ageing Process
Michalak, M. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23020585 · Cited by 460
Metadata
- Authors
- Rhie, G.-E., Shin, M. H., Seo, J. Y., Choi, W. W., Cho, K. H., Kim, K. H., Park, K. C., Eun, H. C., & Chung, J. H.
- Affiliations
- Seoul National University (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Chung, Jin Ho
- Venue
- Journal of Investigative Dermatology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2001-11
- Volume
- 117
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1212-1217
- ISSN
- 0022-202X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1966172304
- Cited by
- 274
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 6.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Investigative Dermatology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Protection and Aging
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry (medical) › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › melanin and skin pigmentation
- Keywords
- skin aging, photoaging, antioxidant enzymes, catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, alpha-tocopherol, vitamin C, glutathione, uric acid, epidermis, dermis, antioxidant defense
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Antioxidants, Epidermis, Female, Humans, Male, Oxidoreductases, Skin, Tissue Distribution, Skin Aging, Dermis
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