Aging- and Photoaging-Dependent Changes of Enzymic and Nonenzymic Antioxidants in the Epidermis and Dermis of Human Skin In Vivo
Open accessAbstract
This is a comprehensive study of the changes in major antioxidant enzymes and antioxidant molecules during intrinsic aging and photoaging processes in the epidermis and dermis of human skin in vivo. We show that the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase are not changed during these processes in human skin in vivo. Interestingly, the activity of catalase was significantly increased in the epidermis of photoaged (163%) and naturally aged (118%) skin (n = 9), but it was significantly lower in the dermis of photoaged (67% of the young skin level) and naturally aged (55%) skin compared with young (n = 7) skin. The activity of glutathione reductase was significantly higher (121%) in naturally aged epidermis. The concentration of alpha-tocopherol was significantly lower in the epidermis of photoaged (56% of young skin level) and aged (61%) skin, but this was not found to be the case in the dermis. Ascorbic acid levels were lower in both epidermis (69% and 61%) and dermis (63% and 70%) of photoaged and naturally aged skin, respectively. Gluta thione concentrations were also lower. Uric acid did not show any significant changes. Our results suggest that the components of the antioxidant defense system in human skin are probably regulated in a complex manner during the intrinsic aging and photoaging processes.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Normal skin contains high concentrations of vitamin C, with levels comparable to other body tissues and well above plasma concentrations.
“Normal skin contains high concentrations of vitamin C, with levels comparable to other body tissues and well above plasma concentrations, suggesting active accumulation from the circulation.”
From The Roles of Vitamin C in Skin Health. (2017) · cites this paper as [25]
The Results (section labeled “Enzymic antioxidants,” page unavailable) measure ascorbic acid in human epidermis and dermis, and the Discussion describes skin ascorbate as present in much higher amounts than α-tocopherol. Our copy does not compare skin vitamin C levels with other body tissues or plasma, so it does not support those comparisons. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredLevels of vitamin C in skin are similar to the levels of other water soluble antioxidants such as glutathione.
“Levels of vitamin C in skin are similar to the levels of other water soluble antioxidants such as glutathione [25,26,27,35].”
From The Roles of Vitamin C in Skin Health. (2017) · cites this paper as [25]
The Nonenzymic antioxidants results identify ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and glutathione as hydrophilic antioxidants and report that both are more concentrated in the epidermis than the dermis. The passages do not establish that their levels are similar to each other; the reported percentages compare each antioxidant across skin layers, not vitamin C with glutathione. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAcute UV exposure can cause altered pigmentation, immune suppression and damage to the dermal extracellular matrix.
“Acute exposure of skin to UV radiation can cause sunburn, resulting in a large inflammatory response causing characteristic redness, swelling and heat. In addition, altered pigmentation, immune suppression and damage to the dermal extracellular matrix can occur [24,25,56,142,143].”
From The Roles of Vitamin C in Skin Health. (2017) · cites this paper as [25]
The introductory passage labeled Abstract (page unavailable) associates photoaged skin with dyspigmentation, supporting altered pigmentation after repeated UV exposure. It does not establish that this occurs after acute exposure, and the passages found do not address immune suppression or damage to the dermal extracellular matrix. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredRepeated UV exposure consumes skin antioxidants and can overwhelm the skin's defences.
“While the skin contains endogenous antioxidant defences, vitamins E and C and antioxidant enzymes to quench these oxidants and repair the resultant damage, these antioxidants will be consumed by repeated exposure and the skin’s defences can thereby be overwhelmed [25,138,139,140,141].”
From The Roles of Vitamin C in Skin Health. (2017) · cites this paper as [25]
The Discussion reports that UV exposure depletes skin levels of α-tocopherol, ascorbate, and glutathione. It does not establish that repeated exposure progressively consumes antioxidants until the skin’s defences are overwhelmed; it instead suggests that factors other than chronic UV exposure may be more important to the observed decline in nonenzymic antioxidants in elderly skin. The indexed passages provide no page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe skin contains endogenous antioxidant defences, including vitamins E and C and antioxidant enzymes, that quench oxidants and repair resultant damage.
“While the skin contains endogenous antioxidant defences, vitamins E and C and antioxidant enzymes to quench these oxidants and repair the resultant damage, these antioxidants will be consumed by repeated exposure and the skin’s defences can thereby be overwhelmed [25,138,139,140,141].”
From The Roles of Vitamin C in Skin Health. (2017) · cites this paper as [25]
The Abstract (page unavailable) identifies vitamins E and C and antioxidant enzymes as components of the skin’s defence against reactive oxygen species. The Discussion (page unavailable) also reports that UV exposure depletes skin antioxidants. The paper does not say that these antioxidants repair damage after it occurs, so that part of the attributed claim is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Vitamin C levels are lower in photoaged and naturally aged skin.
“Studies have shown that vitamin C levels were lower in photoaged and naturally aged skin 3”
From Efficacy of topical vitamin C in melasma and photoaging: A systematic review (2023) · cites this paper as [3]
Several reports have indicated that vitamin C levels are lower in aged or photodamaged skin.
“Several reports have indicated that vitamin C levels are lower in aged or photodamaged skin [25,26,27].”
From The Roles of Vitamin C in Skin Health. (2017) · cites this paper as [25]
More vitamin C is found in the epidermal layer than in the dermis, with differences of 2-5-fold between the two layers being consistently reported.
“Indeed, more vitamin C is found in the epidermal layer than in the dermis, with differences of 2–5-fold between the two layers being consistently reported (Table 1 and [25,26]).”
From The Roles of Vitamin C in Skin Health. (2017) · cites this paper as [25]
Most of the vitamin C in the skin appears to be in intracellular compartments, with concentrations likely to be in the millimolar range.
“Most of the vitamin C in the skin appears to be in intracellular compartments, with concentrations likely to be in the millimolar range [25,26,27].”
From The Roles of Vitamin C in Skin Health. (2017) · cites this paper as [25]
The Results (Enzymic antioxidants section; page unavailable) report ascorbic acid per gram of epidermal and dermal skin, not its distribution between intracellular and extracellular compartments or its intracellular concentration. The 2 mM figure in Materials and Methods (page unavailable) refers to a laboratory standard, not skin tissue. Searches for intracellular compartments and millimolar skin concentrations found no passage establishing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAcute exposure of skin to UV radiation can cause sunburn, resulting in a large inflammatory response with characteristic redness, swelling and heat.
“Acute exposure of skin to UV radiation can cause sunburn, resulting in a large inflammatory response causing characteristic redness, swelling and heat. In addition, altered pigmentation, immune suppression and damage to the dermal extracellular matrix can occur [24,25,56,142,143].”
From The Roles of Vitamin C in Skin Health. (2017) · cites this paper as [25]
The Abstract (page unavailable) discusses skin damage from repeated UV exposure and photoaging, not acute sunburn. Searches for acute UV exposure, sunburn, and its inflammatory signs found no passage in our copy describing redness, swelling, or heat. (LLM, conf=0.70)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredVitamin C functions as a cofactor of proline and lysine hydroxylases, promotes the expression of collagen genes, and activates the production of collagen mRNA by fibroblasts.
“It functions as a cofactor of proline and lysine hydroxylases, which are responsible for the tertiary structure of collagen; promotes the expression of collagen genes; and activates the production of collagen mRNA by fibroblasts [50].”
From Bioactive Compounds for Skin Health: A Review (2021) · cites this paper as [50]
A combination of vitamin C and other vitamins, including vitamin E, is more effective at reducing melanin than vitamin C alone and can be used for treating skin discoloration, e.g., age spots or melasma.
“Furthermore, a combination of vitamin C and other vitamins, including vitamin E, is more effective at reducing melanin than vitamin C alone and can be used for treating skin discoloration, e.g., age spots or melasma [50,68].”
From Bioactive Compounds for Skin Health: A Review (2021) · cites this paper as [50]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Aging: a theory based on free radical and radiation chemistry
Harman, D. (1956) · Journal of Gerontology · doi:10.1093/geronj/11.3.298 · Cited by 8,567 · see citing works
Wendel, A. (1981) · Methods in enzymology on CD-ROM/Methods in enzymology · doi:10.1016/s0076-6879(81)77046-0 · Cited by 3,011 · see citing works
Carlberg, I., & Mannervik, B. (1985) · Methods in enzymology on CD-ROM/Methods in enzymology · doi:10.1016/s0076-6879(85)13062-4 · Cited by 3,009 · see citing works
[70] Determination of glutathione and glutathione disulfide in biological samples
Anderson, M. E. (1985) · Methods in enzymology on CD-ROM/Methods in enzymology · doi:10.1016/s0076-6879(85)13073-9 · Cited by 2,755 · see citing works
Handbook of methods for oxygen radical research
Greenwald, R. A. (1987) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0891-5849(87)80012-6 · Cited by 2,384 · see citing works
Harman, D. (1981) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.78.11.7124 · Cited by 1,915 · see citing works
Oxygen radicals and human disease
CROSS, C. E., HALLIWELL, B., BORISH, E. T., PRYOR, W. A., AMES, B. N., SAUL, R. L., McCORD, J. M., & HARMAN, D. (1987) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-107-4-526 · Cited by 1,856 · see citing works
CRC handbook of methods for oxygen radical research
Bogomolets, B. B. (1985) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/0531-5565(85)90021-x · Cited by 1,554 · see citing works
Pathophysiology of Premature Skin Aging Induced by Ultraviolet Light
Fisher, G. J., Wang, Z., Datta, S. C., Varani, J., Kang, S., & Voorhees, J. J. (1997) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199711133372003 · Cited by 1,501 · see citing works
Direct observation of a free radical interaction between vitamin E and vitamin C
Packer, J. E., Slater, T. F., & WILLSON, R. L. (1979) · Nature · doi:10.1038/278737a0 · Cited by 1,473 · see citing works
Vitamin E: Antioxidant Activity, Biokinetics, and Bioavailability
Burton, G. W., & Traber, M. G. (1990) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev.nu.10.070190.002041 · Cited by 760 · see citing works
Enzymic and non-enzymic antioxidants in epidermis and dermis of human skin
Shindo, Y., Witt, E., Han, D., Epstein, W., & Packer, L. (1994) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12371744 · Cited by 546 · see citing works
Skin aging and photoaging: An overview
Gilchrest, B. A. (1989) · Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1016/s0190-9622(89)70227-9 · Cited by 514 · see citing works
Lang, J. K., Gohil, K., & Packer, L. (1986) · Analytical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/0003-2697(86)90203-4 · Cited by 493 · see citing works
Structural Alterations in Exposed and Unexposed Aged Skin
Lavker, R. M. (1979) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12532763 · Cited by 464 · see citing works
Shindo, Y., Witt, E., & Packer, L. (1993) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12469048 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Mãrtensson, J., Meister, A., & M�rtensson, J. (1991) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.88.11.4656 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid measurements in human plasma and serum
Dhariwal, K., Hartzell, W., & Levine, M. (1991) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/54.4.712 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
UV-irradiation depletes antioxidants and causes oxidative damage in a model of human skin
Podda, M., Traber, M. G., Weber, C., Yan, L.-J., & Packer, L. (1998) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0891-5849(97)00142-1 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Cutaneous photodamage in Koreans: influence of sex, sun exposure, smoking, and skin color.
Chung, J., Lee, S. H., Youn, C. S., Park, B., Kim, K. H., Park, K. C., Cho, K. H., & Eun, H. C. (2001) · PubMed · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Self-citationShindo, Y., Witt, E., Han, D., & Packer, L. (1994) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12373027 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Impairment of Enzymic and Nonenzymic Antioxidants in Skin by UVB Irradiation
Fuchs, J., Huflejt, M. E., Rothfuss, L., Wilson, D. S., Carcamo, G., & Packer, L. (1989) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12284412 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Pansarasa, O., Bertorelli, L., Vecchiet, J., Felzani, G., & Marzatico, F. (1999) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0891-5849(99)00108-2 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Lavker, R. M., & Kligman, A. M. (1988) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12456193 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
The use of endogenous antioxidants to improve photoprotection
Steenvoorden, D. P. T., & Beijersbergen van Henegouwen, G. M. J. (1997) · Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B Biology · doi:10.1016/s1011-1344(97)00081-x · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Lopez‐Torres, Thiele, Shindo, Han, & Packer (1998) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2133.1998.02062.x · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Hussain, S. M., Slikker, W., & Ali, S. F. (1995) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0736-5748(95)00071-2 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Kawaguchi, Y., TANAKA, H. L., Okada, T., Konishi, H., Takahashi, M., Ito, M., & Asai, J. (1996) · Archives of Dermatological Research · doi:10.1007/bf02505041 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Record, I. R., Dreosti, I. E., Konstantinopoulos, M., & Buckley, R. A. (1991) · Nutrition and Cancer · doi:10.1080/01635589109514160 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Decreases in protective enzymes correlates with increased oxidative damage in the aging mouse brain
Mo, J. Q., Hom, D. G., & Andersen, J. K. (1995) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/0047-6374(95)01586-o · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Photoaging and topical tretinoin: therapy, pathogenesis, and prevention
Kang, S. (1997) · Archives of Dermatology · doi:10.1001/archderm.133.10.1280 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Photoaging and Topical Tretinoin
Kang, S. (1997) · Archives of Dermatology · doi:10.1001/archderm.1997.03890460104012 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
EXCITED STATE PROPERTIES OF ∝aL‐TERTHIENYL and RELATED MOLECULES
Reyftmann, J. P., Kagan, J., Santus, R. C., & Morlière, P. (1985) · Photochemistry and Photobiology · doi:10.1111/j.1751-1097.1985.tb03439.x · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Lopez‐Torres, M., Shindo, Y., & Packer, L. (1994) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12373032 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Photodamage to hepatocytes by visible light
Cheng, L. Y. L., & Packer, L. (1979) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/0014-5793(79)80066-6 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Changes in enzyme activities in skin fibroblasts derived from persons of various ages
Shindo, Y., Akiyama, J., Yamazaki, Y., Saito, K., & Takase, Y. (1991) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/0531-5565(91)90059-u · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [24]24. Oberlery LW, Spitz DR: Quantitation of superoxide dismutase. In: Greenwald RA: ed. CRC Handbook of Methods for Oxygen Radical Research. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1985: pp 211±220
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Carr, A., & Maggini, S. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9111211 · Cited by 2,035 · see citing works
Oxidative Stress in Aging Human Skin
Rinnerthaler, M., Bischof, J., Streubel, M., Trost, A., & Richter, K. (2015) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom5020545 · Cited by 1,053 · see citing works
The Roles of Vitamin C in Skin Health.
Pullar, J., Carr, A., & Vissers, M. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9080866 · Cited by 756 · see citing works
“In addition, altered pigmentation, immune suppression and damage to the dermal extracellular matrix can occur [24,25,56,142,143].”
BackgroundPillai, S., Oresajo, C., & Hayward, J. (2005) · International Journal of Cosmetic Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-2494.2004.00241.x · Cited by 706 · see citing works
Plant-Derived Antioxidants: Significance in Skin Health and the Ageing Process
Michalak, M. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23020585 · Cited by 460 · see citing works
Kohl, E. A., Steinbauer, J., Landthaler, M., & Szeimies, R. (2011) · Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology · doi:10.1111/j.1468-3083.2010.03963.x · Cited by 443 · see citing works
Photoaging is Associated with Protein Oxidation in Human Skin In Vivo
Sander, C. S., Chang, H., Salzmann, S., Müller, F. M., Ekanayake‐Mudiyanselage, S., Elsner, P. U., & Thiele, J. J. (2002) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1046/j.1523-1747.2002.01708.x · Cited by 416 · see citing works
Antioxidants of Edible Mushrooms
Kozarski, M., Klaus, A., Jakovljevic, D., Todorovic, N., Vunduk, J., Petrović, P., Niksic, M., Vrvic, M., & Van Griensven, L. (2015) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules201019489 · Cited by 413 · see citing works
The role of antioxidants in photoprotection: A critical review
Chen, L., Hu, J. Y., & Wang, S. Q. (2012) · Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2012.02.009 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
Focus on the Contribution of Oxidative Stress in Skin Aging
Papaccio, F., D’Arino, A., Caputo, S., & Bellei, B. (2022) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox11061121 · Cited by 431 · see citing works
UV photoprotection by combination topical antioxidants vitamin C and vitamin E
Lin, J.-Y., Selim, M. A., Shea, C. R., Grichnik, J. M., Omar, M. M., Monteiro-Riviere, N. A., & Pinnell, S. R. (2003) · Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1067/mjd.2003.425 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
Bioactive Compounds for Skin Health: A Review
Michalak, M., Pierzak, M., Kręcisz, B., & Suliga, E. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13010203 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Skin aging and oxidative stress: Equol’s anti-aging effects via biochemical and molecular mechanisms
Lephart, E. D. (2016) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2016.08.001 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
Oxidative stress in malignant melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer
Sander, C. S., Hamm, F., Elsner, P. U., & Thiele, J. J. (2003) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2133.2003.05303.x · Cited by 300 · see citing works
The wound-healing and antioxidant effects of adipose-derived stem cells
Kim, W.-S., Park, B.-S., & Sung, J.-H. (2009) · Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy · doi:10.1517/14712590903039684 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Chung, J. H. (2003) · Photodermatology Photoimmunology & Photomedicine · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0781.2003.00027.x · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Self-citationPalombo, P., Fabrizi, G., Ruocco, V., Ruocco, E., Fluhr, J., Roberts, R., & Morganti, P. (2007) · Skin Pharmacology and Physiology · doi:10.1159/000101807 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
The hallmarks of fibroblast ageing
Tigges, J., Krutmann, J., Fritsche, E., Haendeler, J., Schaal, H., Fischer, J. W., Kalfalah, F., Reinke, H., Reifenberger, G., Stühler, K., et al. (2014) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/j.mad.2014.03.004 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Boo, Y. C. (2022) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox11091663 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
The role of carotenoids in human skin
Darvin, M. E., Sterry, W., Lademann, J., & Vergou, T. (2011) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules161210491 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Ravetti, S., Clemente, C. M., Brignone, S. G., Hergert, L. Y., Allemandi, D. A., & Palma, S. D. (2019) · Cosmetics · doi:10.3390/cosmetics6040058 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Skin-inspired highly stretchable, tough and adhesive hydrogels for tissue-attached sensor
Qu, X., Wang, S., Zhao, Y., Huang, H. H., Wang, Q., Shao, J., Wang, W., & Dong, X. (2021) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2021.131523 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Pluemsamran, T., Onkoksoong, T., & Panich, U. (2012) · Photochemistry and Photobiology · doi:10.1111/j.1751-1097.2012.01118.x · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Active ingredients against human epidermal aging
Lorencini, M., Brohem, C. A., Dieamant, G., Zanchin, N. I. T., & Maïbach, H. I. (2014) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2014.03.002 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Role of Vitamins in Skin Health: a Systematic Review
Dattola, A., Silvestri, M., Bennardo, L., Passante, M., Scali, E., Patruno, C., & Nisticò, S. P. (2020) · Current Nutrition Reports · doi:10.1007/s13668-020-00322-4 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Comparison of oxidative stress biomarker profiles between acute and chronic wound environments
Moseley, R., Hilton, J. R., Waddington, R. J., Harding, K. G., Stephens, P., & Thomas, D. W. (2004) · Wound Repair and Regeneration · doi:10.1111/j.1067-1927.2004.12406.x · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Ichihashi, M., Ando, H., Yoshida, M., Niki, Y., & Matsui, M. S. (2009) · Anti-aging Medicine · doi:10.3793/jaam.6.46 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Hellemans, L., Corstjens, H., Neven, A.-M., Declercq, L., & Maes, D. H. (2003) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12056.x · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Skin Health from the Inside Out
Woodby, B. L., Penta, K., Pecorelli, A., Lila, M. A., & Valacchi, G. (2020) · Annual Review of Food Science and Technology · doi:10.1146/annurev-food-032519-051722 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Skin protection against UV light by dietary antioxidants
Fernández-García, E. (2014) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/c4fo00280f · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Lim, H. W., Kohli, I., Ruvolo, E., Kolbe, L., & Hamzavi, I. H. (2021) · Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2021.12.024 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Role of antioxidants in skin aging and the molecular mechanism of ROS: A comprehensive review
Hussen, N. H., Abdulla, S. K., Ali, N. M., Ahmed, V. A., Hasan, A. H., & Qadir, E. E. (2025) · Aspects of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amolm.2025.100063 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
H2O2 Accumulation by Catalase Reduction Changes MAP Kinase Signaling in Aged Human Skin In Vivo
Shin, M. H., Rhie, G., Kim, Y. K., Park, C., Cho, K. H., Kim, K. H., Eun, H. C., & Chung, J. H. (2005) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1111/j.0022-202x.2005.23823.x · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Self-citationHaftek, M., Mac‐Mary, S., Bitoux, M. L., Creidi, P., Seité, S., Rougier, A., & Humbert, P. (2008) · Experimental Dermatology · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0625.2008.00732.x · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Mechanisms of inhibitory effects of CoQ10 on UVB‐induced wrinkle formation in vitro and in vivo
Inui, M., Ooe, M., Fujii, K., Matsunaka, H., Yoshida, M., & Ichihashi, M. (2008) · BioFactors · doi:10.1002/biof.5520320128 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
The Promising Role of Polyphenols in Skin Disorders
Farhan, M. (2024) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules29040865 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Acceleration of UVB-induced photoageing in nrf2 gene-deficient mice
Hirota, A., Kawachi, Y., Yamamoto, M. P., Koga, T., Hamada, K., & Otsuka, F. (2011) · Experimental Dermatology · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0625.2011.01292.x · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Copper/Zinc Superoxide Dismutase in Human Skin: Current Knowledge
Altobelli, G. G., Van Noorden, S., Balato, A., & Cimini, V. (2020) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2020.00183 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Carotenoid Lutein: A Promising Candidate for Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Applications
Shegokar, R., & Mitri, K. (2012) · Journal of Dietary Supplements · doi:10.3109/19390211.2012.708716 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Impact of Eye Cosmetics on the Eye, Adnexa, and Ocular Surface
Ng, A., Evans, K., North, R. V., Jones, L., & Purslow, C. (2015) · Eye & Contact Lens Science & Clinical Practice · doi:10.1097/icl.0000000000000181 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Molecular changes during skin aging and wound healing after fractional ablative photothermolysis
Helbig, D., & Paasch, U. (2011) · Skin Research and Technology · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0846.2010.00477.x · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Gopaul, R., Knaggs, H. E., & Lephart, E. D. (2012) · BioFactors · doi:10.1002/biof.191 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Fujita, H., Hirao, T., & Takahashi, M. (2007) · Skin research and technology · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0846.2007.00195.x · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Nonsurgical innovations in the treatment of nonmelanoma skin cancer.
Amini, S., Viera, M. H., Valins, W., & Berman, B. (2010) · PubMed Central · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Application of adipose-derived stem cells in photoaging: basic science and literature review
Chen, S., He, Z., & Xu, J. (2020) · Stem Cell Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13287-020-01994-z · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Skin health and biological aging
Furman, D., Auwerx, J. H., Bulteau, A., Church, G. M., Couturaud, V., Crabbé, L., Davies, K. J. A., Decottignies, A., Gladyshev, V. N., Kennedy, B. K., et al. (2025) · Nature Aging · doi:10.1038/s43587-025-00901-6 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Modulatory role of vitamins A, B3, C, D, and E on skin health, immunity, microbiome, and diseases
Joshi, M. M., Hiremath, P., John, J., Ranadive, N., Nandakumar, K., & Mudgal, J. (2023) · Pharmacological Reports · doi:10.1007/s43440-023-00520-1 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Murakami, K., Inagaki, J., Saito, M., Ikeda, Y., Tsuda, C., Noda, Y., Kawakami, S., Shirasawa, T., & Shimizu, T. (2009) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.03.053 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Chen, S.-J., Hseu, Y., Gowrisankar, Y. V., Chung, Y., Zhang, Y., Way, T., & Yang, H. (2021) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.07.030 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Madaan, T., Nikhat, A., Gyenwalee, S., Thomas, S. C., Mishra, H., Tariq, M., Vohora, D., & Talegaonkar, S. (2017) · PharmaNutrition · doi:10.1016/j.phanu.2017.02.005 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Rastogi, A., & Pospı́šil, P. (2011) · Journal of Biomedical Optics · doi:10.1117/1.3616135 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
See, X. Z., Yeo, W. S., & Saptoro, A. (2024) · Process Safety and Environmental Protection · doi:10.1016/j.cherd.2024.04.048 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Mehdi, M. M., Solanki, P., & Singh, P. (2021) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2021.104413 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Efficacy of topical vitamin C in melasma and photoaging: A systematic review
Correia, G., & Magina, S. (2023) · Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology · doi:10.1111/jocd.15748 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Antioxidants in Photoaging: From Molecular Insights to Clinical Applications
Calvo, M. C. C., Navarro, C., Durán, P., Galán‐Freyle, N. J., Hernández, L. A. P., Pacheco‐Londoño, L. C., Castelanich, D., Bermúdez, V., & Chacín, M. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25042403 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Tavares, R. S. N., Maria–Engler, S. S., Colepicolo, P., Debonsi, H. M., Schäfer‐Korting, M., Marx, U., Gaspar, L. R., & Zoschke, C. (2020) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics12020136 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Enhanced expression of cylooxygenase-2 by UV in aged human skin in vivo
Seo, J. Y., Kim, E., Lee, S., Park, K. C., Kim, K. H., Eun, H. C., & Chung, J. H. (2003) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/s0047-6374(03)00150-7 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationReactive Oxygen Species and Pressure Ulcer Formation after Traumatic Injury to Spinal Cord and Brain
Kumar, S., Theis, T., Tschang, M., Nagaraj, V., & Francois Berthiaume, B. (2021) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox10071013 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Pincemail, J., & Meziane, S. (2022) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox11112270 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Inhibitory Effect of Encapsulated Curcumin on Ultraviolet-Induced Photoaging in Mice
Agrawal, R., & Kaur, I. P. (2010) · Rejuvenation Research · doi:10.1089/rej.2009.0906 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Tyrrell, R. M. (2011) · Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences · doi:10.1039/c1pp05222e · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Cosmeceuticals Derived from Bioactive Substances Found in Marine Algae
Agatonović-Kuštrin, S. (2013) · Oceanography Open Access · doi:10.4172/2332-2632.1000106 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Choi, J. W., Lee, J., & Park, Y. I. (2017) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2017.09.098 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Xu, Q., Hou, W., Zheng, Y., Liu, C., Gong, Z., Lu, C., Lai, W., & Maibach, H. I. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0102732 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Hazane‐Puch, F., Sauvaigo, S., Douki, T., Favier, A. E., & Béani, J. (2006) · Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2005.10.004 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Shin, M. H., Lee, S.-R., Kim, M. K., Shin, C.-Y., Lee, D. H., & Chung, J. H. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0162628 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationZouboulis, C. C. (2003) · Der Hautarzt · doi:10.1007/s00105-003-0581-7 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Ageing skin: oestrogen receptor β agonists offer an approach to change the outcome
Jackson, R. L., Greiwe, J. S., & Schwen, R. J. (2011) · Experimental Dermatology · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0625.2011.01362.x · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Resveratrol: influences on gene expression in human skin
Lephart, E. D., Sommerfeldt, J. M., & Andrus, M. B. (2014) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2014.07.017 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Sawutdeechaikul, P., Kanokrungsee, S., Sahaspot, T., Thadvibun, K., Banlunara, W., Limcharoen, B., Sansureerungsikul, T., Rutwaree, T., Oungeun, M., & Wanichwecharungruang, S. P. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-03503-5 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Expression of Cathepsins in Human Skin Photoaging
Zheng, Y., Lai, W., Wan, M., & Maïbach, H. I. (2010) · Skin Pharmacology and Physiology · doi:10.1159/000314725 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Eiben‐Nielson, C., & Kerscher, M. J. (2021) · Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology · doi:10.1111/jocd.14058 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Chronic heat treatment causes skin wrinkle formation and oxidative damage in hairless mice
Shin, M. H., Seo, J., Kim, Y. K., Kim, K. H., & Chung, J. H. (2012) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/j.mad.2012.01.006 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationHistological Evaluation of a Topically Applied Retinol-Vitamin C Combination
Seité, S., Bredoux, C., Compan, D., Zucchi, H., Lombard, D., Medaisko, C., & Fourtanier, A. M. (2005) · Skin Pharmacology and Physiology · doi:10.1159/000083708 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Tissue engineering strategies to bioengineer the ageing skin phenotype in vitro
Costello, L., DiColandrea, T., Tasseff, R. A., Isfort, R. J., Bascom, C., von Zglinicki, T., & Przyborski, S. A. (2022) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.13550 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Hafez, S. M. N. A. (2019) · Acta Histochemica · doi:10.1016/j.acthis.2019.05.004 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Croaker, A., King, G. J. W., Pyne, J. H., Anoopkumar‐Dukie, S., Šimánek, V., & Liu, L. (2017) · Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research · doi:10.1016/j.mrrev.2017.09.001 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Pharmacotherapy of actinic keratosis: an update
Berman, B., & Amini, S. (2012) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1517/14656566.2012.716039 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Hazane‐Puch, F., Valenti, K., Sauvaigo, S., Peinnequin, A., Mouret, C., Favier, A. E., & Béani, J. (2005) · Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2005.02.001 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Alkilani, A. Z., Abo-Zour, H., Basheer, H. A., Abu-Zour, H., & Donnelly, R. F. (2023) · Polymers · doi:10.3390/polym15081962 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Yadav, N., Nanda, S., Sharma, G., & Katare, O. P. (2015) · Journal of drug targeting · doi:10.3109/1061186x.2015.1077845 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Markiewicz, E., & Idowu, O. C. (2019) · Open Biology · doi:10.1098/rsob.190208 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Pharmacotherapy of actinic keratosis
Berman, B., Amini, S., Valins, W., & Block, S. G. (2009) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1517/14656560903382622 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Rincón-Fontán, M., Rodríguez‐López, L., Vecino, X., Cruz, J. M., & Moldes, A. B. (2020) · Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy · doi:10.1016/j.scp.2020.100248 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
In vivo study of the effects of a portable cold plasma device and vitamin C for skin rejuvenation
Shakouri, R., Khani, M. R., Samsavar, S., Jezeh, M. A., Abdollahimajd, F., Hosseini, S. I., Dilmaghanian, A., Ghasemi, E., Alihoseini, M., & Shokri, B. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-01341-z · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Fréchet, M., Warrick, E., Vioux, C., Chevallier, O., Spatz, A., Benhamou, S., Sarasin, A. R., Bernerd, F., & Magnaldo, T. (2008) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/onc.2008.153 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Nanoemulsion-based patch for the dermal delivery of ascorbic acid
Alkilani, A. Z., Hamed, R., Hussein, G., & Alnadi, S. H. (2021) · Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology · doi:10.1080/01932691.2021.1880924 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Modulation of Catalase in Human Skin In Vivo by Acute and Chronic UV Radiation
Rhie, G., Seo, J. Y., & Chung, J. H. (2001) · Molecules and Cells · doi:10.1016/s1016-8478(23)17053-1 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationOxidative and premature skin ageing
Biesalski, H. K., Berneburg, M., Grune, T., Kerscher, M. J., Krutmann, J., Raab, W., Reimann, J., Reuther, T., Robert, L., & Schwarz, T. (2003) · Experimental Dermatology · doi:10.1111/j.0906-6705.2003.00148.x · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Vitamin E in Human Skin: Functionality and Topical Products
Pinto, C. A. S. D. O., Martins, T. E. A., Martinez, R. M., Freire, T. B., Velasco, M. V. R., & Baby, A. R. (2021) · Biochemistry · doi:10.5772/intechopen.98336 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Caritá, A. C., de Azevedo, J. R., Chevalier, Y., Arquier, D., Buri, M. V., Riske, K. A., Leonardi, G. R., & Bolzinger, M. (2023) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122897 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Polefka, T. G., Meyer, T. A., Agin, P. P., & Bianchini, R. J. (2012) · Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology · doi:10.1111/j.1473-2165.2011.00596.x · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Li, T., Lu, H., Zhou, L., Jia, M., Zhang, L., Wu, H., & Shan, L. (2022) · Cell Proliferation · doi:10.1111/cpr.13212 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Decreased oxidative stress response and oxidant detoxification of skin during aging
Dai, X., Hu, Y., Jiang, L., Lei, L., Fu, C., Wu, S., Zhang, X., Zhu, L., Zhang, F., Chen, J., et al. (2023) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/j.mad.2023.111878 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Tosato, M. G., Alves, R. D. S., dos Santos, E. A. P., Raniero, L. J., de Menezes, P. F. C., Belletti, K. M. S., Praes, C. E. O., & Martin, A. A. (2011) · Photomedicine and Laser Surgery · doi:10.1089/pho.2011.3059 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Oargă, D. P., Cornea‐Cipcigan, M., & Cordea, M. I. (2024) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2024.1390419 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Ascorbic acid 2‐glucoside: An ascorbic acid pro‐drug with longer‐term antioxidant efficacy in skin
Jacques, C., Géniès, C., Bacqueville, D., Tourette, A., Borotra, N., Chaves, F. L. D. S., Sanches, F., Gaudry, A. L., Bessou‐Touya, S., & Duplan, H. (2021) · International Journal of Cosmetic Science · doi:10.1111/ics.12745 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Cellular Antioxidant Activity and Whitening Effects of Dendropanax morbifera Leaf Extracts
Park, S. A., Park, J., Park, C. I., Jie, Y. J., Hwang, Y. C., Kim, Y. H., Jeon, S. H., Lee, H. M., Ha, J. H., Kim, K. J., et al. (2013) · Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters · doi:10.4014/kjmb.1311.11001 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationHuman keratinocyte radiosensitivity is linked to redox modulation
Isoir, M., Buard, V., Gasser, P., Voisin, P., Lati, E., & Benderitter, M. (2005) · Journal of Dermatological Science · doi:10.1016/j.jdermsci.2005.11.008 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Fayad, S., Tannoury, M. Y., Morin, P., & Nehmé, R. (2018) · Analytica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.aca.2018.03.004 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
- Authors
- Rhie, G.-E., Shin, M. H., Seo, J. Y., Choi, W. W., Cho, K. H., Kim, K. H., Park, K. C., Eun, H. C., & Chung, J. H.
- Affiliations
- Seoul National University (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Chung, Jin Ho
- Venue
- Journal of Investigative Dermatology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2001-11
- Volume
- 117
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1212-1217
- ISSN
- 0022-202X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1966172304
- Cited by
- 274
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 6.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Investigative Dermatology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Protection and Aging
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › melanin and skin pigmentation
- Keywords
- skin aging, photoaging, antioxidant enzymes, catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, alpha-tocopherol, vitamin C, glutathione, uric acid, epidermis, dermis, antioxidant defense
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Antioxidants, Epidermis, Female, Humans, Male, Oxidoreductases, Skin, Tissue Distribution, Skin Aging, Dermis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
